Notes for exam question Essay Example for Free

Notes for exam question EssayChapter 1 companionable scientist have argued that issues of inequality, privation and well-disposed exclusion cut across both companionable welfare and offensive control domains, and noted that while some responses to these issues may become the management of fond welfare policies, others may become the focus of iniquity control interventions.Social justice then is neither the exclusive terrain of social welfare nor of disgust control. The boundaries between these two domains tend to be mobile and porous.This thinking was introduced by arguing that the neat distinction between the goals of social welfare (well being) and the goals of crime control (maintaining social order) break down on closer inspection. Chapter 1 fraction 4 crime control measures impact adversely on social welfare and produce justice struggles. State withdrawal from the direct readiness of welfare services is accompanied by greater attention to antisocial behaviour of younger and shortsighteder groups in society.Social welfare is oriented towards the creation and upkeep of social well-being through the provision of various social supports combating social inequalities by promoting redistri notwithstandingion and social inclusion and countering various social harms such as poverty and discrimination.The domain of crime control is more oriented towards the creation and maintenance of social stability, social order and security by addressing behaviours and activities of those who are perceived to adventure these in some way.Crime control and social welfare policies, there are many examples of entanglement between them. For example, countering antisocial behaviour may be defined as a social welfare matter in that it protects the welfare and well being of some against the disruptions caused by others. This example also raises wider social welfare questions, I.e how can societies support young people and others so that they do not conduct themselve s in ways that are viewed as antisocial?The blood between social welfare and crime control is dynamic meaning it is likely to change over time, and it is contested.Another example of how social welfare and crime control is entangled protecting children from abuse- a role taken on by both police and social workers, acting in partnership but with kind of blurred boundaries between the welfare and crime control functions. The entanglements between welfare and crime control take many different forms.Welfare states in its traditional form is considered by many commentators across the political spectrum to be in need of reform.Social scientists focus on creating social inclusion rather than on providing welfareIdeas about an underclass of marginalised individuals often black Afro caribbean or Hispanic have informed policies on crime preventions and crime control in countries such as the USA. Many studies are handing over more responsibility for tackling crime and antisocial behaviour to topical anaesthetic communities, who in turn address crime prevention through a mix of welfare and control strategies.As environmental issues become more important in ensuring security and well-being, so attention is turning to new kinds of harm harms perpetrated not by those traditionally defined as problem states, often on the margins of society but by the cryptical and powerful who perpetuate environmental and other kinds of crime.Many struggles for social justice, produced laws that have to be enforced through the institutions of wicked justice. On the other hand, some criminal justice measures including many of those now associated with anti terrorist measures are viewed as producing harms such as internment or the loss of rights for certain population groups.Chapter 1 divide 36 dissent and protest against social injustice may be the subject or criminalising responses.The darling study for the Joseph row tree foundation shows an increase inequality of wealthiness in t he uk in the late 20th carbon when income inequalities grew rapidly. It also shows a greater degree of spatial segregation of wealth and poverty, with local areas increasingly dominated by wealthy or measly residents and a decline in social mixing.Poverty concentrates attention on one segment of society those living below a certain level of income, or below a certain level of resources.Many studies of poverty tend to focus attention on poor people rather than the wider social structures which generate and reproduce poverty. In the process, then, such studies divert attention from the relationship between wealth and poverty, and the ways in which richer and more powerful groups manage to increase their wealth and hold on to it at the expense of poorer and less powerful groups.Much social investigation into poverty has in practice involved looking at the poorest people to see what was wrong with them, and is based on the assumption that there moldiness be something about them that makes them different from us.In the 19th century, investigators went like intrepid explorers into the neighbourhoods where the poor lived in order to examine their habits, their ways of life, their culture and most oftentimes their character. The poor were associated with a range of social dangers from illness, through crime and vice, to the threat of socialism.This emphasis on statistical investigation has had a profound influence on the subsequent victimisation of social research in the uk and how we come to know about and understand the social world. But the investigation and observation of the character and habits of the poor has also had enduring consequences, reflecting a persistent belief that the cause of poverty could be discovered there. 19th century investigations into moral failings of the poor merged into20th century concerns with their dysfunctional family life or their culture of poverty.The idea of a culture of poverty had mutated into a culture of dependency. All of these terms expressed the idea that poor people had habits, attitudes and ways of life that has passed poverty on across generations.Chapter 2 section 2 welfare states are involved in the maintenance of social order and stability by naturalising and normalising social inequalitiesChapter 2 sections 2,34 welfare states prescribe certain ideas of behaviour. These may stigmatise certain categories of people in booths study, the poor and in the 21st century, those who are not gainfully employed or who do not comply with norms of active citizenship.Welfare states also police adherence to norms of darling conduct and may punish those who deviate from them. Punishments may range from measures such as the withdrawal of benefits and services to actual criminalisation.Chapter 3 section 3 keeping whether provided informally or through welfare states can involve the abuse, neglect and exploitation of vulnerable people. Some abuses are subject to criminal prosecution.Chapter 3 section 4 treaties, conventions, laws and workers rights are often ineffective in regulating safety and ensuring freedom from harm in the employment. Trade unions have attempted to limit workplace harms by pursuing rights and legal safeguards, but there power has been weakened. In attempt to avoid legislative action, some companies are now developing intended codes of conduct based on the idea of social responsibility.Chapter 4 section 2 problem populations, in problem places such as the black population of new Orleans tend to be stigmatised, viewed as a source of harm, crime and social disorderChapter 4 section 3 some of the solecism studies show how welfare policies that sought to solve housing problems in the past have had damaging consequences, leading to punitive and criminalising policies in the present.Chapter 5 section 2 global slums are sites of concerns about crime and disorder. They are also sites of emerging understanding about how slums can be a source of progress and devel opment through self helpChapter 5 section 4 transnational institutions concerns with regulating environmental crimes are contrasted with restorative self regulatory and participatory models of development.

8th of march Essay Example for Free

eighth of march EssayHappy womens mean solar day internationalistic Womens Day (8 March) is an occasion marked by womens groups around the world. This date is also commemorated at the United Nations and is designated in many countries as a national holiday. This day women on all continents, often divided by national boundaries and by ethnic, linguistic, cultural, economic and political differences, come together to celebrate their Day. 8th March is celebrated as International Womens Day, worldwide.The day is observed to bring a ocial revolution aiming at gender equality. In fact, in some countries like China, Nepal, Vietnam, Russia, its an official holiday Here are some fun-facts about Womens Day and areas where women excel, which is sure to make every woman proud of herself 1. The first Womens Day was observed on nineteenth March 1911. More than 1 million women and men attended rallies to support womens right to work, vote, hold public office and to end gender discriminati on.Over the years, 8th March as fixed as International Womens Day. 2. Research suggests that women possess much stronger verbal skills, compared to men. Women are naturally to a greater extent articulate. 3. Yellow mimosa is the symbolisation of Womens Day in Italy, Russia and Albania. In Italy, men give flowers to women. Chocolates and yellow mimosa tops as gifts in Russia and Alba 4. Women have better empathy and can interpret emotions better. Women are also faster to identify something visually different than usual. According to scientists, women have a stronger immune system and female hormone oestrogen gives women this edge 6. Women, if they welcome proper medical care during her birth and pregnancy, have a longer life expectancy than men. 7. Women and caring go hand in hand. This may be the reason why many patients prefer female doctors. Several studies indicate that female doctors are more encouraging, reassuring and spend up to 10% more time with patients.

Observations to Identify Child Needs

Observations to Identify Child Needs think, observation and assessment completely contribute to posting the learning and outgrowth of nestlingren. Cargonful observation basis key a nippers individual needs and interests and ensure that resources and activities are suitable for promoting further development.The primordial years recommends that practitioners follow a three-step cycle to efficaciously meet the needs of individual children. programmening Observation and Assessment. Write only what you see-this ensures accuracy. Write the date and time youre observing, name and age of child, setting where the observation is being done. Avoid opinions, dont say that the child is/ is not enjoying something, if they have not told you that. Continue with even observations-this provides an over exclusively consistent plastic film of the childs development, and identify any(prenominal) areas of a childs development that might need additional sustenance or be delayed.You john le arn a lot about the children you are working with by observing them, and you are more likely to be able to meet their individual needs effectively from observation. Formal observations can be used to get hold a childs development of a particular skill or knowledge and understanding. The practitioner can use adult-led activities to provide an opportunity for the child to practice this particular skill and describe their participation.Observations which are spontaneous, help gather nurture as children will be able to look for naturally without any added pressure. Formal observations can be used to abide by a childs development of a particular skill or knowledge and understanding. This is especially useful for development breachlist for the child. There are factors to bet when observing a child and that it is regularly collected to produce a align picture of the childs knowledge and abilities and ensure consistency in the evince you collect. Many things can affect the validit y of observation tired or hungry or hungry children may not demonstrate skills to the opera hat of their ability and might get different results in completing an observation on a child at different times of the day, illness can affect the childs demonstrating skill if they are ill, or might not want to par government issue so wont be demonstrating their true abilities. Practitioners should schedule a repeat observation when the child is well to gather the true picture of the childs ability. It is important to see when a child has achieved a particular skill when you carried out the observations at the same time accurate results and consistency. There are many methods of observing and recording observations. Practitioners in early year settings often use a note taking method carrying with them a note pad, to write spontaneous occurrences in what a childs interests and achievements are when they are engaged in an activity with them. This way of taking notes can then be written up aft er the events in more detail. Time sample is another way of recording in haveation this is a way of looking at a childs activity over a period of time, observing the child at regular intervals for example every ten minutes for one hour.A summational assessment is when the evidence is gained through a formative assessment over a period of time and these are helpful when the practitioner needs to review a childs developing progress. A formative assessment is an on-going assessment of the child, and carried out on a regular basis. The early years requires two formal summative assessments, at aged two and at the end of completion of the Early Year setting. Assessments after observations are the way in which the practitioner can suck up decisions about what the child can do. For example a practitioner is observing a child and note the child has spent ten minutes construct bricks. It shows the practitioner that the child appears happily content doing this activity, it also shows the c hild can concentrate for a period of time and play independently. They are able to hold if the child is using favourably their left hand or right hand and their eye- to hand coordination is well developed.The practitioner can say if the child had any facial expressions i.e. smiling or frowning whilst doing the activity to show enjoyment or concentration. An observation like this helps the practitioner programme future activities well worthy to the child to meet individual needs and abilities of the child, and march on future development adding other construction activities for the child to try if naturally this is where the child is getting enjoyment. Planning for a child to help their development in their not as strong areas is very important also. And from observations you can assess where the child needs peculiar(a) encouragement or additional help in certain areas, for example when a group of children asked to put their coats on alert to go outside. You can observe the chi ldren who are very capable of doing the task without aid and the children who take longer and need extra time or help. You can plan for this by dividing the children into two groups group 1 and group 2. Group 1 being the slower children less able to put on their coats are to start getting ready first with extra time allocated than group 2.Planning should be built upon the observation and assessment findings of individual children in order to identify the best steps to take to further their learnings and development. The Early Years development matters document suggests that planning should include looking at what is next for the child including experiences and opportunities, the learning environment, resources, routines and the practitioners role.A carer can observe an individual child during outdoor play and recognise that the individual child aged two years is climbing confidently and is beginning to pull themselves up on nursery play climbing equipment outdoors. So the carer can help the individual child by talking to the child about their movements and help them to explore new ways of moving, such as squirming slithering and twisting along the ground like a snake, and moving quickly, slowly or on tiptoe. Plan opportunities for children to tackle a range of levels and surfaces including flat and hilly ground, grass, pebbles, smooth floors and carpets. Provide a range of large play equipment both indoors and outdoors that can be used in different ways such as boxes, ladders frames and barrels. Provide safe spaces and explain safety to the child and parents. These will help encourage their physical development even further.The Statutory assessments focus on three prime areas of development ages two and three progress check. The assessment review and identify the childs strengths and any areas of where the childs progress is less than expected. The progress check helps identify the childs natural interests and plan effectively for the individual child. It is a good idea to show the parents how to understand effectively to nurture the childs learning which can be encouraged at the home environment for the child. The assessment it helps identify any additional special educational need or identify any disability. The practitioners should develop a targeted plan to fight back the childs future learning and development involving the parents and careers and other professionals which may be needed.The report shows reflecting development levels and needs of the child, it shows the areas where the child is progressing well, the areas where additional support may be needed, and focus particularly on where there is a concern that the individual child may have developmental delay, which may call for a special educational need or disability. It mustiness include any activities and strategies the provider must intend to adopt and address any issues or concerns. Parents must receive a written record of each of the childs prime areas of development. It is of interest to the individual child to encourage the parents to share the information from the progress check with other relevant professionals, including their health visitor and the staff of any new provision the child may transfer to. The progress check and the Healthy Child Programme health and development review at age two, when the Health visitor gathers information on a childs health and development, allowing them to identify any developmental delay and any particular support from which they think the child and family might benefit, should inform each other and support integrated work together. This also helps health and education professionals to identify any strengths as well as any developmental delay. The providers must have paternal consent and careers to share information directly with other relevant professionals.The assessment at the end of early years foundation stage profile must be completed when the individual reaches age five in the final term no later tha n June 30 in that term. It provides a well-rounded picture of a childs knowledge, understanding and abilities, their progress against expected levels and their readiness for starting year 1. It provides information to the parents, careers practitioners and instructors the profile reflects ongoing observations, all the relevant records held by the setting, discussions with parents and careers and any other adult professionals relevant. The childs development must be assessed against the Early learning goals, practitioners indicate whether children are meeting expected levels of development, or if they are exceeding expected levels and if not yet reaching expected levels. Year 1 teachers are given the Profile this will help the teacher acknowledge the childs stage of development and learning needs and help assist with the planning of activities. The Profile must be completed for all children, including with special educational needs or disabilities, with reasonable adjustments to the assessment process for children with special educational needs and disabilities are made appropriately. It is important to know that all children will have differing level of skills and abilities crossways the profile and it is important that there is a full assessment of all the areas of the childs development to form plans for future activities and to help identify any additional support. Schools must share the results of the Profile with the parents and careers.The profile must be completed for all children, including of those with special educational needs or disabilities. Adjustments to the assessment process for the children with special educational needs and disabilities must be made as appropriate. Children will have differing levels of skill and abilities across the profile and it is important that there is a full assessment of all areas of their development to inform any future activities and to identify any additional support needs.

The Psychology Underlying The Narrative Strategy English Literature Essay

The Psychology Underlying The Narrative Strategy English Literature EssayRobert Louis Stevensons fresh The remote Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a great voice of how different disciplines of education are intertwined. Although this novel is used in many English course of instructions, it could also be used in a Psychology course more specifically, an Abnormal Psychology course. On the surface, Dr. Jekyll is clearly suffering from dissociative identity disorder, more commonly known as a split personality. He alternates between the personalities of himself and his evil half, Mr. Hyde however, below the surface in that respect is another way this novel relates to Psychology. Dr. Sigmund Freud, a really notorious psychologist from the Victorian Era from which this novel is written, proposed a theory called Psychoanalytic Theory. This theory suggests the notion that the unconscious is split into triplet dimensions the ego, the id, and the superego. Each of these dimensions re presents ane of the main characters in this novel. The narrative strategy in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is effective because it offers the perspectives of the three main characters, Dr. Hastie Lanyon, Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde, and Mr. Gabriel Utterson, which stimulates all parts of the unconscious making the novel appealing to all types of people.Dr. Hastie Lanyon represents the ego of the story which Freud describes as the decision-making voice of personality that operates jibe to the reality principle (McCann, and Weiten 523). Lanyon is very much a realist. He speaks dismissively of Dr. Jekylls experiments describing them asunscientific balderdash (Stevenson, 38). Lanyons dominant ego also makes him very skeptical. An instance that shows this characteristic is when he is following instructions to gather the contents of Dr. Jekylls drawer. Upon finding the contents, Dr. Lanyon says, Here were a phial of whatsoever tincture, a paper of some salt, and the record of a series of experiments that had led (like too many of Jekylls investigations) to no end of practical usefulness (Stevenson, 73). Dr. Lanyon seriously doubts the value of the work of his former colleague, Dr. Jekyll. His garner which shows his point of view of the events involving Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde shows the cynical side of the story which stimulates the readers own ego by allowing them to question the plausibility of the events that occur in this mysterious novel.Dr. Jekylls alternate personality, Hyde, represents the id, which according to Freud, is the primitive, instinctive component that operates according to the pleasure principle (McCann, and Weiten 523). Hyde is describe as a troglodyte. This is basically defined as a primitive or caveman-like creature. Hyde is described as a short and hideous man that repulses everyone that crosses his path. The id can also be thought of as the devil on your shoulder that gives bad advice scantily to satisfy the here and now instincts of the unconscious. Evil is always described as inferior to good and the way Dr. Jekylls clothes are too big for Hyde correlates with this outlook. The id has a very powerful negative influence over the unconscious sagacity just as Hyde is very negatively influential over Dr. Jekylls personality. According to Freud there is always an internal conflict going on inside the unconscious sectors of the judicial decision between the evil id and the good ego. An example of how this conflict arises in the novel is when Hyde murders Sir Danvers Carew. This shows how the id, Hyde, overpowers the ego-like, or good, Mr. Carew for no obvious reason other than it was something to do that would please him at that very moment. The perspective of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde presented through the letter at the end of the novel shows the reader how the id can sometimes overpower the rest of the unconscious and can also counter the attitude of the ego or Dr. Lanyon, therefore stimulating the readers id.Mr. Gabriel Utterson represents the nett component of the unconscious, the superego. Freud describes this this part as, the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong (McCann, and Weiten 523). The superego acts as a mediator between the instinctive urges of the id and the vivid impulses of the ego. Mr. Utterson represents a perfect Victorian gentleman. He is polite and follows societys norms but his persistent investigations show that he cannot ignore the fact that something unnatural is going on with his friend, Dr. Jekyll. Although the three main characters were once best friends, after Dr. Lanyon decided that Dr. Jekylls experiments were too peculiar and later declaring to Mr. Utterson, Jekyll became too fanciful for me. He began to go wrong, wrong in mind (Stevenson, 38), Mr. Utterson became a mutual friend or the mediator between the other two gentlemen. The way the novel is structured, having Mr. Uttersons perspective contribute to the bulk of it, is effective because it is a midway point for the reader. It allows the readers own superego to mediate the events that occur regarding Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.It is interesting to see what can be uncovered when different areas of education are applied to one another. Through the research of Dr. Sigmund Freud, one is able to relate the psychology of the unconscious mind to the behaviour, motives, and opinions of the characters Dr. Lanyon, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Mr. Utterson in Robert Louis Stevensons novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. This novel is remarkable because the rootage chose a creative way to narrate so that every person that reads the novel, no matter if they are dominated by their unconscious ego, id, or superego, they allow for be able to relate to at least one of the main characters. The narration technique of this novel is significant because it stimulates each region of the unconscious mind and allows the reader t o separately evaluate the views of each of the three main characters which, in turn, eliminates bias.

Concept of Organisational Misbehaviour: Analysis

Concept of Organisational Misbehaviour AnalysisOrganisational MisbehaviorCritically evaluate the argument that administrational misbehavior is a convention feature of agreemental lifeIntroductionThe nonion of geological mixtureational misbehavior can be taken in a lot of centerings based on divers(prenominal) perspectives, diametrical bulk, shifting situations, and by the changing level of aw atomic number 18ness and arrest on the life of an plaque.There is a primary purpose of arrangements in the context of fulfilling certain individual goals. Northcraft and Neale (1990, p.5) speculate that people come together and form governing bodys because organisations can accomplish things that atomic number 18 beyond the reach of individuals. They come together to accomplish what each individual cannot accomplish alone. The meaning of behavior in organisations according to Northcraft and Neale revolve around managing behavior to take reward of the performance benefits of g roups everywhere individuals. This is where the concept of a reasoned behavior and misbehavior takes shape.Organisational BehaviorOrganisational behavior is a multidisciplinary definition that illustrates a number of points (Gibson et al, 2000). Some of these points relate directly to the point of the organisation in society. First, it indicates that the behavior of people operate at individual, group, or organisational level. This suggests that when trying to study the organisational misbehavior in the perspective of being a general part of organisational life, it must identify clearly the levels of analysis individual, group, and the organisation being used. Second, theres a distinctively humanistic orientation within the organisation behavior. nations attitudes, perceptions, learning capabilities, and objectives are important to the organisation. They provide the rich mixture for their organisations culture and strategies to evolve and prosper. Thirdly, the external environ ment is seen as having significant impact on the organisational behavior. Finally, theres also the application orientation which concerns providing useful answers to questions that arise in the context of managing the organisation. Misbehavior is often interpreted to mean bad behavior or a deviation from the normal norms and ethics expected of individuals and organisations. To say that organisational behavior also involves early(a) certain kinds of misbehavior still descends to the fact that any type of behavior can be any good or bad depending on the context that it is applied to in real life situations. When this type of behavior exists and until nowtually prevails in any organisational setup, it would likely grow into a certain stature of normalcy and seep into customary wisdom.In order to understand why this argument seems to make sense in the framework of an organisations life, it is important to first identify the different compositions of an organisation, its objectives, culture, structure, and strategies. The colonialities associated with these compositions have made it virtually impossible to model and envision a perfect organisation.Organisations have had some bouts with internal and external conflicts in one way or an some other. Some have mastered the arts of deception and impropriety. It is unrealistic to say that organisational misbehavior is not part of organisational life either. People in the organisation whitethorn misbehave and some people may blame the entire organisation. Others may blame specific people (especially managers) when the real shortcoming came from the organisations policies. Other groups within the organisation or network may deviate from agreements and norms. The organisational culture may not also be up to the times and the topical business strategies may not sit well with government regulation policies and industry norms. If these things do happen (and they happen a lot), it is not viable and well-informed to draw t he line between laying out unspoken rules in classifying organisational behavior to be good and a bad.People and Human BehaviorPeople make up the internal social system of the organisation (Newstrom and Davis, 1997). This system consists of individuals and groups, and large groups as well as small ones. People are the living, thinking, and nip beings who work in the organisation to achieve their objectives. An organisational structure is filled up with people who decide and deliver the goods for the organisation. Diversity presents a lot of challenges for solicitude to handle. When people do members of an organisation whether in official, unofficial or informal capacity, they bring with them different educational background, talents, interests, and behavior that they eventually contribute for the success or ill luck of the organisation. The family relationship among individuals and groups in an organisation name expectations for an individuals behavior (Gibson et al, 2000, p. 7). An individual can be presented here as the organisation itself. These expectations result in certain leadership and follower roles that must be performed so that there impart be some kind of order and system.Collective expectations can either conform or not to standard behavior. Collective misuse of resources interests, talents, expertise, and management strategies can constitute organisation misbehavior. garget (1996, p.1) views these misconduct as harmful to the viability of the organisation and constitutes deviance by the organisation. To put it more bluntly, organisational misbehavior eventually boils down to the recurrence of profits and how it should be maximized. Money has always been a central issue in any organisation and it has often been used to measure the survivability of a business. Organisational goals always take into their mainstream policy the issue of financial and economic stability and prosperity. Punch (1996, p.214) virilely suggested that formal goals of the organisation thus constitute a front for the real goals of management which is to provide a money machine for its owners and other insiders.If it is already common and normal for criminals to use any tool or weapon to perpetuate a crime, it would also seem normal for organisations to use the organisation itself to detect money from victims of its misbehavior. The victims may actually be the customers or the members themselves. It is a prime example of what is called the organisational weapon the organisation is for white-collar criminals as the gun or stab is for the common criminals (Wheeler and Rothman, 1982, cited in Punch, 1996). In short, an organisation is set up for the primary purpose of making a substantial amount of money in the form of a profit and improving the quality of life for the individual members of the organisation.Organisations have systems of authority, status, and power, and people in organisations have varying take ins for each system. People need money and a sense of fulfillment. People also need power to impose their will to others. People want to attain a certain level of success as measured by their status and standing in the organisation. Taken as a whole, organisations follow certain types of good behavior and standards be along its objectives and future goals. It is also believed that adherence to moral standards on the job can have positive outcomes on the organisation and society by promoting self-coloured ethical behavior in any aspects of life (Mares, 2005). This strong behavior of one organisation can be used as a strong issue against some other organisation which is considered to be misbehaving just because it was not able to adhere to certain moral standards previously attained.Organisational StructureAn organisational structure defines the formal relationship and use of people in organisations. According to Newstrom and Devis (1997), different jobs are required to accomplish all of an organisations activiti es. There are managers, employees, accountants, assemblers, and others who have to be related in some structural way so that their work can be effectively coordinated.How is the structure of the organisation related to the conduct of an organisation? According to Thompson (1997, p.588), structure is the means by which the organisation seeks to achieve its strategic objectives and implement strategies and strategic compounds. Assuming that these strategies and changes are concerned with relating the organisations resources to its goals, will these resources be used in the proper way acceptable to all in the society?If change is necessary, it is correct to point out that resistance to change can constitute other concept of misbehavior. People confronting changes in their working environments often exhibit dysfunctional behaviors like aggression, projection, and avoidance (Hirschheim, 1995 p. 160). These types of behavioral patterns affect the overall behavior of the organisation.An other thing to consider in the organisational structure is the way decision making is delegated and observed. Thompson described the extent by which a de change and centralized setup of management decision making is vital in adapting to strategic change. In a centralized setup, organisational misbehavior is usually highlighted at the top management level because only a handful of people are empowered to do the decision making. A decentralized setup allows decisions to be made by most people who must implement change and usually allows the organisation a more collective approach to making decisions based on what is virtuously and ethically correct. This statement however, does not imply that a decentralized structure eliminates instances of misbehavior. It only lessens the probability. On the other hand, a decentralized setup could empower small groups within the organisation to abuse their power and open the possibility of misbehavior on a smaller scale.According to Tsahuridu, spec ialization and division of work that occurs in organizations may make people in organizations unable to see the illegality and illegality of certain actions. Each action is a part of a chain of actions, and even though each individual act may be legitimate and moral, all the actions linked together may constitute an illegal or immoral activity, which each individual participant may be ignorant of.Organisational Objectives and CultureOrganisations must have objectives in order to exist. Objectives are always centered on what is basically good for the organisation, whether the resulting action or consequences is bad. How is organisational objectives tied to organisational behavior?Profit and growth are means to other ends rather than objectives in themselves (Acoff, 1986, cited in Thompson, 1997). There is then a question of whether profit is the ultimate objective of profit seeking business organisations or whether it is merely a means to other ends, which themselves constitute the real objectives (Thompson, 1997, p.153). Organisational behavior can be better understood by assuming whether the real goal of the organisation is to maximize profit or to provide them with a good quality of life and better standard of living.Harris and Hartman (2002, p. 75) said that an organisations culture consists of the values, norms, and attitudes of the people who make up the organisation. value show what is important norms reveal expected behavior attitudes show the mind-set of individuals. Organisational culture therefore tells people what is important in the organisation, how to behave, and how to see things. Culture is a part of organisational life that influences the behavior, attitudes, and overall effectiveness of members (Gibson et al, 2000).Managers are usually in the forefront of formulating organisational strategies and policies. Johnson and Scholes (1997, p.79-80) argued that in formulating policies, managers should regard experience (good or bad) as constraints o n developments. They say that in order to develop the organisation to cope with immediatelys changing environments, they need to challenge the people around them and experiment with their different ideas and at odds(p) views in a pluralistic approach. The job of top management therefore is to create this sort of organisation by building teams that can work in such ways through the development of the perfunctory behavior and culture of the organisation.All of the issues related to the organisation in general have a goal to influence and affect the behavior of the organisation. While it is safe to assume that the notion of misbehavior in the organisation tends to focus on the wrong or forbid side of the organisation, it is preferred that misbehavior should be corrected and dealt with by focusing on how to manage and institute reforms in the different aspects of the organisation. This is a tall and complex order. Organisational behavior is not only influenced by the different fact ors previously mentioned. Management policies have a tendency to adapt to changing situations in their environments. Some organisations strategies may take advantage of weak government policies and regulations and find loopholes with which they can misbehave without being noticed. Other organisations strategies tend to focus on covering up wrong practices with good and convincing arguments that their actions go against standard practices but at the same time, benefit a large segment of society.Punch (1996, p.1) described the behavior of todays organisations as problematic and worrying. He reasons out that different kinds of organisational misbehavior are often caused by managers lending themselves to deviant activities and the inability of government, business, and regulatory agencies to support effectively such misbehavior. He explains that this was largely because the subjects of business crime and corporate deviance have been sadly neglected by criminologists and crime-fighting bodies in favor of other areas such as street crimes, low-level law enforcement, and the prison system.Almost everyday, new types of organisation misbehavior are being uncovered and brought out into the open. As these corporate scandals and other forms of financial misconduct often perpetuated by top level management are exposed, more and more sophisticated strategies and techniques are easy being uncovered. It is quite interesting to know that one kind of misbehavior can be linked to another form of misbehavior in another corporate partner within the network of organisations. Other sets of misbehavior can involve almost all levels of the organisational hierarchy.The realities faced by an organisation are different from others. Each organisation has an identity, an objective, a strategic plan, and differing sets of policies and regulations. Harris and Hartman (2002, p. 97) said this is because the underlying premise in the ideal culture is that the formal organisations norms and v alues are to be consistent with those of the various individuals and groups within the organisation. They say that the norms and values of individuals and groups of the organisation are hostile to formal organisational goals. This is especially true to members of top-level management and the rank and deposit members. Their hidden values may contradict the official policies of the organisation. Sometimes, the organisation may not value the potential contribution of its members. The need to create competitive advantage for profit and growth without the proper ethical system in place can lead to drastic steps and ethically questionable decisions and actions. Some members of the organisation may feel the need to make reforms while others may think taking radical steps will eventually spell success.Discontentment and smother may brew over different signals and messages that the inner structure of the organisation send out to the outside world. It is therefore evident that culture can b ecome very counterproductive and the basis of confidence, cooperation, and adherence to standard norms and behavior can be damaging to the overall behavior of the organisation. This is the start of the decay of organisational values and norms and provides a fertile ground for breeding misconduct and misbehavior in any front of the organisation.ConclusionsMisbehavior is a normal part of an organisations life. It is not a question of whether it exists or not. It tends to become an issue when organisations tolerate and do nothing to correct these deviances from normal behavior and when organisations formulate policies that sheer away from ethical standards that govern them.Why is it that organisational misbehaviors tend to exist even in model companies and organisations recognized for their professional excellence? There are different ways of understanding organisational misbehavior in the context of whether it is normal or not in an organisational life. If we try to look closely at th e term normal and misbehavior, there are two things which would come into mind.First, nothing is perfect and it is perfectly normal for people to commit mistakes, either willingly or unwillingly. People can always create rules and policies to counter certain misconduct. Organisations can always innovate and deviate from these rules in order to attain their goals. In these instances, there is no such thing as a perfect law governing businesses and there is also no such thing as a perfect business strategy. In normal instances, mistakes are part of the learning process.As this cycle continues today, organisational misbehavior has already come to the point where people have already considered it part and parcel of their everyday life. It is part of the reality of life that has something to do with existence and how mankind adapts to ongoing changes. The only thing that people consider to be an issue in organisation misbehavior is the level or degree of how it affects society.Second, in order to survive, some organisations have to take the risk, whether this will put them in the burner for good or rise their status in the business community. These risks are normally present in their business strategies, structure, objectives, and culture. They can follow the business rules by the book and end up earning nothing or they may deviate from certain rules and norms and reap profits. Again, it is normal for organisations to take risks and reap the benefits.All of the characteristics of an organisation are linked to one another to form their own identity and behavior. People are in a social structure within the organisation and are empowered to make good or bad decisions. The structure of the organisation limits or expands the power to make decisions.BibliographyBooks Gibson, James et al. (2000).Organizations Behavior, Structure, Processes. 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, Manila.Harris, J and Hartman, S. (2002). Organizational Behavior. Haworth Press. New York.Hirschheim, R.A . (1995). Office Automation A Social and Organizational Perspective. John Wiley. OxfordJohnson, Gerry and Scholes, Kevan. (1997). Exploring Corporate Strategy.Prentice Hall. UKNewstrom, John and Davis, Keith. (1997) Organizational Behavior Human Behavior at Work. McGraw-Hill.Northcraft, Gregory and Neale, Margaret.(1990).Organizational BehaviorA Management Challenge. Dryden Press, Florida.Punch, Maurice. (1996). Dirty contrast Exploring Corporate Misconduct. SAGE Publications, London.Thompson, John (1997).Strategic Management Awareness and Change. 3rd Edition.International Thompson Business Press.BostonJournal ArticleMares, Micheal (2005), The Importance of Business Ethics,Retrieved last February 26, 2005 from http//www.webcpa.comTsuahurido, Eva, Ethics and fairness What Australian Organizations Seek and Offer in Recruitment Advertisements,Retrieved March 3, 2005 from http//www.pamij.com/7_4/v7n4_tsahuridu.html

Alan Bennetts Monologues as Dramas :: Alan Bennett Essays Monologue

Alan Bennetts Monologues as DramasThese plays are written for TV rather than theatre and areexperimental for different styles of playacting with more emphasis beingplaced on the single thespians face. This is in order to show subtlechanges in expressions hopefully giving the viewer a more clearinsight into the characters feelings. This is more appropriate for ACream Cracker as it is a moving story, which is portrayed, even moreso in the subtle movement of Doriss face Cracked the photo. Werecracked, Wilfred. Doris has cracked her wedding photo to her latehusband Wilfred, the sadness being emphasized not only through and through hervoice yet through facial expressions is far more effective. It alsoworks well in Her Big Chance as the falseness of Leslie comes acrossthrough her trying to be professional and the false gestures andexpressions she puts into doing this. Are you on the cans because idlike some direction on this point. Here Leslie is an extra on the sidereal day soap Cross roads and is asking for direction on the simplest ofparts, in order to suggest that she is professional so that she mightget a call back. succession putting this across to the viewers she usesgestures suggesting that Rex is not as professional and devoted to thejob as her.In these plays there is only a single actor/actress in these casesLeslie and Doris with all the other characters seen through theeyes of the main character. This does not give us the chance to haveour own opinions close the other characters but gives us the views andopinions of the main character. This is useful on both plays asalthough it tells us less about sub characters it tells us a lot moreabout Leslie and Doris and their feelings about the people aroundthem. Ive a feeling Scott may be gay Leslie suggests this as he isthe only man, to date, involved in the film who has not attempted totake advantage of her naivety. This tells us of how she is naive andfinds herself extremely attractive, as the first man who doesnt makea sexual advance towards her is labeled gay. Zulema doesnt dust. Shehalf-dusts. From this we apprise that Doris takes pride in her home andlikes it spick and span, also that she thinks she is able to livealone and does not need home help. It also tells us a min aboutZulema, that she is not fully devoted to her work as the dusting isonly half done.Both actresses portray the characters very well and make them both

Que Vive Espana! :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

Que Vive Espana   People always ask me Who atomic number 18 the people that have changed your life? They ask What is the closely influential experience you have had? Those are ticklish questions to answer, because the things that have been most influential, the people that have been key... those are the things and the people that I cannot imagine my life without.   Spain is like that for me. This semester I am back at school, fundamentally going through the actions of my previous years, moreover I am DIFFERENT. I have ideas I didnt have before. I have thoughts I didnt have before. Something must(prenominal) have happened. Growth.   My abroad experience was all about growth. Of course, every day of my life is about personal growth, but it is easier to expand outside of my own dry land of comfort. Here, at school, it is easy to fall into routine, which hinders observation, and retards the process of observing life. But those are just some theories of mime, which t ake away illustrations to support them. So, what did I observe?   The most wonderful thing about Spain is the way of life. It is noticeable right away there are people in the streets at all times of day (except siesta), conversing, strolling, running into their friends and forgetting about that appointment they had in order to talk to them for hours. There is no concept in Spain of approach home and relaxing on the couch. no. People come home from work, eat, and go out. They need to talk to the vendors, to their neighbors. To them, this is life. The women need to meet their girlfriends in a coffee bar by the beach to have a drink. The men go to bars and discuss economics with the bartenders. And at might, people of all ages fill the streets grandparents with their first grandchild in stroller out at midnight In, world-wide people love people. They work to live, mot live to work. It is a very strange, non-American attitude. I very much acquired a taste for it, this leaving t he house to stroll, purposelessly, and by the end of my stay, I felt right at home because I had made my own acquaintances while paseo around who I looked forward to sightedness daily. It is a very warm feeling. And a very safe feeling. A feeling that perhaps there are no secrets since everyone is out there talking about issues.Que Vive Espana Personal Narrative Essay Example Que Vive Espana   People always ask me Who are the people that have changed your life? They ask What is the most influential experience you have had? Those are hard questions to answer, because the things that have been most influential, the people that have been key... those are the things and the people that I cannot imagine my life without.   Spain is like that for me. This semester I am back at school, basically going through the actions of my previous years, but I am DIFFERENT. I have ideas I didnt have before. I have thoughts I didnt have before. Something must have happened. Growth.   My abroad experience was all about growth. Of course, every day of my life is about personal growth, but it is easier to expand outside of my own realm of comfort. Here, at school, it is easy to fall into routine, which hinders observation, and retards the process of observing life. But those are just some theories of mime, which need illustrations to support them. So, what did I observe?   The most wonderful thing about Spain is the way of life. It is noticeable right away there are people in the streets at all times of day (except siesta), conversing, strolling, running into their friends and forgetting about that appointment they had in order to talk to them for hours. There is no concept in Spain of coming home and relaxing on the couch. No. People come home from work, eat, and go out. They need to talk to the vendors, to their neighbors. To them, this is life. The women need to meet their girlfriends in a cafe by the beach to have a drink. The men go to bars and discuss ec onomics with the bartenders. And at might, people of all ages fill the streets grandparents with their first grandchild in stroller out at midnight In, general people love people. They work to live, mot live to work. It is a very strange, non-American attitude. I very much acquired a taste for it, this leaving the house to stroll, purposelessly, and by the end of my stay, I felt right at home because I had made my own acquaintances while walking around who I looked forward to seeing daily. It is a very warm feeling. And a very safe feeling. A feeling that perhaps there are no secrets since everyone is out there talking about issues.