Bible and Biblical/Christian Worldview

A worldview is how an individual looks at the world and how it works. It is how an individual views and interprets the world they live in. It is an individual’s attitude and ideas about the world that they live in. The biblical/Christian worldview The biblical/Christian worldview of Origin is basically that everything originated from and by God. Everything that exist is because of God and it is God that created everyone and everything. In the beginning was God, therefore he is the ultimate originator. Genesis 1:1, and Colossians 1:16-17. The biblical/Christian worldview of Identity is that men and women were created in the image of God. Our identity is based off God’s creation of us. We are God’s unique creation including all of the animals on earth. The biblical/Christian worldview of meaning/purpose is that our purpose is to get to know God, and have a personal relationship with God through Jesus Christ. The biblical/Christian worldview of morality is through revelation from God and by reading the bible. Through morality we follow God’s standard as how to live and behave as God’s children. The biblical/Christian worldview of destiny is that, we as Christians believing in heaven and hell. When we leave our bodies our soul will carry on to live with God in heaven or with Satan in hell. Those who have not accepted Christ as their personal savior and lived their lives as how we should in the body of Christ will not be welcomed into heaven. How you lived your life on earth will determine your destiny. A Biblical Worldview Influence. A biblical worldview should influence the way I think about, treat and speak to others on a daily basis in that God is love. The way I think about others should be the way Christ thinks of us. The way I treat others should be the same way in which I would want to be treated. The way in which I speak to others should also be in how I would want others to speak to me, with kindness, love and understanding. Referring to the biblical worldview, as Christians, we should treat, speak and think about others as Christ would to us. We were all created in God’s image, therefore we are to try our best to be like him, in our speaking, hearing, reasoning, loving and caring, just as Weider and Gutierrez stated in the reading. Following the Bible as our instruction and the example of Christ, our daily walk with others should be based on love and the teachings of Christ. A biblical worldview should influence the way I treat/interact with the environment and non-human creation in a way that I should treat the environment as God would. God created the environment for us so we should appreciate and value it. Genesis 2:15 states, â€Å"The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it†, just as Weider and Gutierrez pointed out in the reading. We should treat non-human creation with care and love. God has given us the authority of taking care of non-human creation and we should do exactly as God would do. We are to care for, love and supply for non-human creation, just as we would human creation.

Managers motivate workers

Frederick Hertzberg came up with a two factor theory of motivation also referred to as the Hygiene theory. According to Hertzberg, there are factors in the work place that cause job satisfaction and these he called them motivators. On the other hand, there are factors whose absence causes job dissatisfaction. The factors that cause satisfaction are a complete contrast to those that cause dissatisfaction. For instance whereas recognition causes satisfaction, supervision leads to dissatisfaction. According to Hertzberg, managers motivate their workers in the following ways:- recognition, growth, achievement job interest,   responsibility and advancement. These factors would make workers feel motivated in the work place. On the other hand factors such as salary, security, company policy, work conditions and supervision fall under hygiene factors. Their presence or lack of it does not necessarily motivate the employees rather causes dissatisfaction. (Michael, 2000) Responsibility: – When workers feel responsible for their work, they feel motivated. They need to be in touch to their work. The best way managers can motivate their workers therefore is by giving them more authority and autonomy over their jobs. Employees with good performance should also be given more responsibilities as a way of improving their motivation levels. Work itself: – Employees feel motivated when they feel that the work they do is significant and relevant. Managers should try to make use of what the employees have done so that they can be able to see that whatever they are doing is meaningful. Growth: – People desire to work more when the work is challenging as well as interesting. Managers therefore ought to make the jobs interesting and also challenging. The expected outcome of this is that the turnover rate of employees shall reduce. Failure to do this will cause demotivation on the part of the employees. (Harris, Desimone, 1994) Advancement: – Workers can be motivated through trainings and development. They feel motivated when something is done that improves their careers. Managers can also use Hertzberg’s two factor theory in the following ways to motivate their workers: Make workers specialize in doing specific tasks. This would make them become experts in their respective fields. Make workers to be more accountable in all that they do Come up with new and more challenging tasks Allow workers to perform whole work units to do as opposed to piecemeal work. With this, they feel motivated when the outcome of the work is associated with them.(Alkhafaji,2003) I do not agree with the fact that the hygienes are only associated with job dissatisfaction and not motivation. Look at remuneration/salary. Does it mean that one would not be motivated if his/her salary is increased? My answer tends to be a â€Å"yes†. It can be both a hygiene and motivational factor. The distinction of a factor being either a hygiene or motivator is not true. My second reservation is that when a worker is given someone’s responsibility that would motivate such a worker. In my opinion, this would bring about animosity amongst the employees. The role of a manager a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Manager as planner: – Managers play the role of planning the firm’s activities. They determine what is to be done, who is to do what how and when this is to be done. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Control: – Managers are the ones who control the activities of the organization so that they are performed as planned with the aim of correcting any deviations from the norm. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Facilitator/ Coordinator: – Managers integrate the work of employees so that each worker performs his duties and that nothing is duplicated. REFERENCES 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   David M Harris, Randy L Desimone; Human Resource Development, Dryden press publishers,1994 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abbas F Alkhafaji, Strategic Management: Formulation implementation and Control in a Dynamic Environment, Haworth press, 2003 3. Michael L, Understanding Business Environment; Routledge, 2000   

Psychology: Nervous System and William James

1. Professor Lewis studies the history of psychology. She would most likely agree with which of the following statements about psychology's early history? 2. In thinking about psychology and consciousness, the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities that interact makes a lot of sense to you. This view that you hold is most like the view of: 3. Interactive dualism is the idea that: Mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences. 4. Psychology is formally defined as:The scientific study of unconscious mental processes. 5. Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena? Wundt investigated basic sensory and perceptual processes. 6. Which of the following events do most historians consider to mark the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline? In 1879 Wundt opened the first psychology research laboratory which marked psychology as an independent field of study. 7. Which early ap proach or â€Å"school† of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt's student Edward Titchener? Structuralism 8.You are a subject in an experiment who is told: â€Å"Look at this apple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them. † The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology? Structuralism 9. Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the United States? William James 10. Which school of psychology would agree that â€Å"psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments†?Functionalism 11. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about Mary Whiton Calkins? 12. Who would have been most likely to say: â€Å"Why you behave the way you do is because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness†? Sigmund Freud 13. Your therapist is v ery interested in your dreams, blocked memories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach to psychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy? Psychoanalysis 14. Behaviorism was characterized by: observable behaviors that could be objectively measured and verified. 15. My goal is to discover how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences. † Such a statement would most likely be made by: William James 16. Who conditioned dogs to reflexively salivate to the sound of a bell rather than food? Ivan Pavlov 17. Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology include: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow 18. Which of the following people developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth? Carl Rogers 19. Humanistic psychology emphasized: In self-determination, free-will, and the importance of choice in human behavior. 0. The development of drugs that helped control the symptoms of severe psychological disorders an d development of techniques to study the human brain contributed to the importance of _____ psychology in recent decades. 21. Dr. Barongon is a psychotherapist who helps people develop choices and self-direction in striving to reach their fullest potential. Dr. Barongon probably subscribes to the Humanistic perspective of psychology. 22. The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on: mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem soving, memory, perception, mental imagery, and language. 3. As a psychology researcher, you have found that the public expression of emotions differs among people from the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and Israel. This type of research fits best with which perspective in psychology? 24. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of collectivistic cultures? 25. In collectivistic cultures, a person's sense of identity: is interdependent with others 26. Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to: judge other cultures by the standards o f our own culture. 27. Which of the following statements best characterizes the principle of natural selection? 28.Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of: studies how our brains perceive, process, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli. 29. Mrs. Brunberg works with children who have special needs, helping them to develop their intellectual and social skills. Mrs. Brunberg is most likely a _____ psychologist. 30. Lynn has just received a research grant to study the effect of downsizing on morale at a large computer company. Lynn is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist. 31. Which of the following is a FALSE statement about clinical psychologists? 32. Which of the following best represents psychology's basic goals? escribe, explain, predict, and influence behavior 33. Empirical evidence refers to evidence that is the result of: verifiable evidence based on objective observation, measurement and experimentation 34. A hypothesis is: A tentative statement about the r elationship between variables. 35. An operational definition is: A precise description of how the variables will be measured. 36. Which type of research method is used to show that one variable causes change in another variable? Independent variable 37. In contrast to the experimental method, the basic goal of the descriptive methods is to:observe and describe behavior. 8. Meta-analysis is: Used to analyze the results of several studies into a single analysis in order to identify overall trends. 39. The word replicate refers to: To repeat or duplicate a scientific study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings. 40. When psychologists systematically observe and record behaviors as they occur in their natural settings, they are using a descriptive method called: they are using the descriptive method called naturalisticobservation. 41. A pseudoscience is a: A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence. 2. A case stu dy is a(n): Highly detailed description of a single individual. 43. One potential problem with surveys and questionnaires is that: people may not report accurate information 44. A correlation coefficient is: Used to measure how an independent variable relates to dependent variable 45. The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called: Independent Variable 46. In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is: The controlled factor in an experiment.It is hypothesized to cause an effect on another variable. 47. In an experiment, the dependent variable is: The measured facts. It is hypothesized to be affected. 48. Random assignment refers to a procedure that: Every subject in the study should have an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or control group. 49. The purpose of the control group in an experiment is to: To have a group of stable and unchanged variables to compare and analyze results to. 50. The purpose of using a double-blind research design is to: help prevent the influence of inadvertent demand chatacterisitcs. 1. The ethical requirement of informed consent means that: purpose procedures risks confidentiality alternatives to participation costs compensation questions consent statement participation is voluntary 52. The branch of psychology that is focused on understanding the internal physical events and processes that correspond with our experiences and behavior is called: biological psychology 53. The branch of science that is concerned with the study of the nervous system is called: neuroscience 54. Which of the following is TRUE of glial cells? functions like glue Forms the myelin sheathAssist neurons in communicating with each other Removes waste products from neurons Nourishes neurons Besides the neuron, it also the other main type of cell in nervous system 55. The three basic types of neurons are: Sens ory Neurons, Motor Neurons, and Interneurons 56. Which part of the neuron receives messages from other neurons? Interneurons 57. The primary function of the myelin sheath is to: The primary function is to insulate the neuron cells so that it can conduct quickly. 58. The presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron are separated by a tiny, fluid-filled space called the: Synaptic Gap 9. Which of the following best defines a neurotransmitter? They are special chemical messengers manufactured by the neuron. 60. What happens to the neurotransmitters that fail to attach to a receptor site? They are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron so that they can be recycled and used again. 61. Like a key in a lock, the shape of the Neurotransmitters must fit the Receptor site to affect the postsynaptic neuron. 62. The neurotransmitter called acetylcholine: Is found in all motor neurons. It stimulates muscles to contract, including the heart and stomach muscles. 63.Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of neurons that produce: Dopamine 64. Miguel jogs about five miles a day. At roughly the three-mile point, Miguel usually experiences a rush of positive feelings due to heavy levels of Endorphins. 65. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the Central nervous system and the Peripheral Nervous System. 66. In combination, the brain and spinal cord make up the: Motor neurons 67. The autonomic nervous system is composed of two different branches called the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems. 68. Which of the following best defines neurogenesis?The development of new neurons. 69. Which represents the largest region of the brain? Cerebrum 70. The primary communication link between the left and right cerebral hemispheres is called: Corpus Callosum 71. The hippocampus plays a key role in: The ability to form new memories. 72. Of the following brain structures, which is associated with the emotional responses of fear, disgust, and anger? Amygdala 73. W hy was the split-brain operation first performed? It was performed to stop the patient’s seizures. 74. Functional plasticity: Refers to the brains ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain. 75.The notion of structural plasticity: Refers to the brain’s ability to physically change its structure in response to learning, active practice, or environment stimulation. 76. In psychology, the term sensation formally refers to: The process of detecting a physical stimulus such as light, sound, heat, or pressure. 77. In contrast to sensation, the term perception is formally defined as the: Process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory. 78. The process by which physical energy, such as light, is converted into a coded neural signal that can be transmitted to and interpreted by the brain is called: Transduction 9. The smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect is called: The abso lute threshold 80. The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the: absolute threshold 81. According to Weber’s Law, whether we can detect a change in the strength of a stimulus depends upon the intensity of the original stimulus. 82. Perception that is below the threshold of conscious perception is called: Subliminal Perception 83. John puts one toe into the swimming pool and shivers because the water is so cold.He grits his teeth and dives in anyway. After about ten minutes, the temperature of the water seems quite comfortable to him. This example illustrates the principle of: Sensory Adaption 84. Rods are used for vision in Dark light, and cones are used for vision in Bright light. 85. Which theory best explains color vision in humans? The trichromatic theory and opponent process theory. 86. The sense of hearing is also known as: Audition 87. As you walk into your office, you are almost overwhelmed by the strong smell of the cologne with which the copier repairman has doused himself.Because you have studied this chapter, however, you reassure yourself that sensory adaptation will occur and you will become much less aware of the odor in approximately: 88. The best candidates for hypnosis are people who: Approach the experience with positive, receptive attitudes. 89. A group of techniques that induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness is a definition of: Meditation 90. Chemical substances that can alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensation, and perception are called: Psychoactive drugs 91. Taste is to gustation as smell is to olfaction. 92.According to your textbook, factors that can INCREASE the perception of pain include: Anxiety and a sense of helplessness. 93. You are able to maintain your equilibrium and balance because of the: Vestibular Sense 94. The term gestalt means: meaningful whole perceptions 95. The ability to accurately gauge the distance of the coffee cup on your desk as you reach for it is called: depth perception 96. As you walk on the beach, every detail of the rocks, shells, and sand beneath your feet seem crisp and distinct. As you look further down the beach, however, the details of the ground in the distance seem fuzzy and blurred.Because of the depth perception cue of texture gradient, you perceive the ground beneath your feet to be much closer than the ground that extends into the distance. 97. Distance cues that involve both eyes are called _____ cues. binocular 98. Distance cues that require the use of only one eye are called _____ cues. vestibular 99. It was the famous American psychologist named _____ who described consciousness as being like a river or a stream. William James 100. The term circadian rhythm refers to: any rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24 hour cycle in the absence of 24 hour cues. 01. Circadian rhythms that are drastically out of synchronization with daylight and darkness cues can produce: jet lag 102. If you are like most people, you experience a daily slump in your mental alertness around 3 o'clock each afternoon. This daily fluctuation in mental alertness is an example of: delta brain wave activity. 103. According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming: dreams are a byproduct of physiological processes in the brain. 104. As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is generating beta brain waves. 105.Shortly after going to bed and as you are falling asleep, you experience the vividly realistic sensation that you are falling or tripping forward, which jolts you awake. This vivid sensation is a common example of: hypnologic hallucinations 106. As you are being monitored by sleep researchers, almost all of your brain activity comprises delta brain waves. This is a clear sign that you are in: stage 4 NREM sleep 107. According to the adaptive theory of sleep: sleep emerged in evolution 108. The most common sleep complaint among adults is: Insomnia 109. Somnambulism is also called: Sleep walking 110.The term nocturnal enuresis is: bedwetting 111. The parasomnias are: undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions. 112. What is sexsomnia? abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep 113. In a study described in your text, research participants learned a new task before going to sleep. During the night, some participants were repeatedly awakened during NREM sleep, other participants during REM sleep. What did the researchers find when they tested the participants on the new skill the next day? 114. What is a lucid dream? When you can control your dreams 15. Who said, â€Å"In every dream an instinctual wish has to represented as fulfilled. † Sigmund Freud 116. Which of the following best defines hypnosis? A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotists suggestions. 117. Pseudomemories: are false memories that can be inadve rtently created when under hypnosis 118. The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is: Caffeine 119. Alcohol is classified as a: Depressant 120. Prolonged use of cocaine can: cause withdrawal symptoms. 121. Brandy is fond of attending all-night raves at a dance club near her home.Some of the raves are drug-free, but at one rave she saw a friend who was sweating profusely, chewing ice and a plastic pacifier, drinking large quantities of water, and hugging everyone in reach as he proclaimed his love for all humanity. Brandy suspected that her friend was probably high on _____. 122. Methamphetamine is a type of amphetamine that can be easily manufactured, provides an intense high, and causes a reduction in the brain's dopamine transporters and receptors. 123. _____ are highly addictive drugs that suppress appetite, produce euphoria, and reduce fatigue. Ecstacy 124. Which of the following is NOT classified as a stimulant?

DESTINATION CASE STUDY on Pittsburgh, PA Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

DESTINATION on Pittsburgh, PA - Case Study Example The newspapers found here are the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and Pittsburgh Tribune Review, which are the two major. It also has 32 radio stations one can tune into and is covered by 5 major television stations. Being on the south Western side of Pennsylvania, this location has 29 colleges and universities. Sporting events are some of the best and always celebrated in this location and thus this city has four major sports teams, Penguins, Steelers, Riverhounds, and Pirates. The Pittsburgh International Airport is cheered as the top five US airports as ranked by Conde Nast Traveler. On average, over 3.9 million people do visit Pittsburgh annually for both business and leisure. It has also been ranked among the top five most livable cities in the editions of Places Rated Almanac. Records show that modern inhabitants of Pittsburgh, PA were many groups of Iroquois and these were later joined by Britons and French traders. Fur traders came to this place in 1700 and this was followed by the building of a post by French soldiers in 1749 since they wanted to secure a route through the waterway from Canada to New Orleans. At some point, Major George Washington travelled to the city as an emissary to give warning to French people to leave and that the British carry out a construction of a fort at the Forks of Ohio where he declared that the site was strategically situated. The French built Fort Duquesne and the British built Fort Prince George, which were both later destroyed. This was later followed by the resurgence of the Britons who later took control of the land in the year 1758, when the French left their fort after the treaty to do so was signed ending the French and Indian War. A state of the art fort was build, Fort Pitt, which was named after the Secretary of State of England, William Pitt. After these events, a small village of Pittsborough started growing around Fort Pitt in 1861 and this was followed by change of name to Pittsburgh. Riverboat building

Ideal VLEs in Higher Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ideal VLEs in Higher Education - Assignment Example Another region-wide problem is the support of most excellent tradition in â€Å"instructional design† (Weller, p. 33, 2007). In particular, it involves the organized growth of knowledge-giving systems, and it includes the complete expansion procedure from scrutiny of learning requirements, as well as objectives by the expansion of a delivery scheme to attain identified objectives. In addition, analysis has indicated that its basis is on an awareness of educational as well as instructional theory (Weller, p. 33, 2007). Moreover, it is an observation that educational design has been ignored due to lack of supplies and due to its anonymity. There is a common inclination in teaching to call attention to the technology-centric features with no regard for the education design development, and educational instructors do not put efforts in this respect, as they are likely to concentrate on common explanatory hypothetical forms, instead of goal-focussed forms of instant use to experts. At this point, a simple language designer’s practicum applying a state-of-the-art form of educational design is required. Teaching faculty complains about deficiency of knowledge of educational standards on the part of â€Å"educational designers, who pays attention on transmission instead of a ‘constructivist approach† (Gillespie et al, p. 78, 2007). At foundational stage the issues with e-learning are systemic instead of technical. What needed is grouping among the identified groups of interests, which are students, teachers and administrators. In addition, researchers (Gillespie et al, p. 78, 2007) have indicated that the internet has turned out to be three times less-useful for individuals with optical impairments than those without them. In the result, Virtual Learning... From this discussion it is clear that teaching faculty complains about deficiency of knowledge of educational standards on the part of â€Å"educational designers, who pays attention on transmission instead of a ‘constructivist approach†. At foundational stage the issues with e-learning are systemic instead of technical. What needed is grouping among the identified groups of interests, which are students, teachers and administrators. In addition, researchers (Gillespie et al, p. 78, 2007) have indicated that the internet has turned out to be three times less-useful for individuals with optical impairments than those without them. In the result, Virtual Learning Environments have been proven to be six times as hard to use as a result of their intricacy, as well as the belief that learning will take place in use.As the report discusses  supporters of user-focused design call attention to the need to support fine usability - at times termed universal design or design for everyone - contrasting to ease of access in remoteness. As a Virtual Learning Environment resource may be technically available, that does not indicate it will be functional. It has to be taken into consideration that Virtual Learning Environments are planned to facilitate people in learning. Usability issues in VLEs may only be temporary disturbance or irritation, although they may as well be the basis of cognitive burden, interruption on entire procedure, resulting in at least low standard of education and awfully, total dejection.

The Cold War in Berlin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Cold War in Berlin - Research Paper Example He stated that if one was claiming that communism was good, he should come to West Berlin and see the capitalism taste. This was meant to demonstrate how well the capitalism ideology had spurred significant economic growth and political freedom in West Berlin. He also asserted that dividing people and putting them under oppression was not only contravention of individual human rights but a recipe to economic backwardness. He reiterated the need for a united people and pursuit of capitalism which was characterized by democracy â€Å"Freedom has many difficulties, and democracy is not perfect But we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us!† He demonstrated how West Berlin had prospered despite being physically separated from the rest of the world and directly championed for adoption of democracy as a tool towards capitalism before he gave a closing remark amidst a cheering crowd of how proud he was to be a West Berliner (Smyser, 200 9).It is worth to note that John. Kennedy’s visit was also meant for a meeting with the Soviet Union Leader Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna Austria for a retreat in terms of the oppressive rule over the East Berlin people. The meeting ended in a stalemate and increased tension between US and Soviet Union. At some point, the US threatened to react with military force if their rights in West Berlin were interfered with in any way by the communist Soviet Union. To achieve this, the second wall which was known as border wall 75 was created in 1975.

China's Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

China's Development - Essay Example To many citizens around the world, it would seem that the traditional Chinese customs have carried on for many generations, and have not been forgotten. In fact they have done just the opposite, the customs have faded and are only practiced by a handful f Chinese citizens. China like any other country has been changing and continues to change. However, China has and still is facing numerous problems with change. When Jou Brown first set up the justice system in China it was opposed by many. Opposition is still a part f China and many aspects f the country are still challenged such as the economic policies, political views, trade partners, and relations. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220) Confucianism was taught to the people f China. They believed that a leader must be a role model, everyone could become "perfect," and they can use their intelligence and wisdom to overcome obstacles instead f using brute force. During the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties the economic policies f China were adjusted once again. Western foreigners were watched closely to insure the safety f the Chinese people. The economy became firmer. In modern China, some believe that the internal affairs f China and economic progress were more important than worrying over a few western traders. The Ming dynasty contributed greatly to Chinese literature, art, and philosophy. (Yabuki 1995) It is recognized for its sea exploration, and its strong and complex government that unified and controlled the empire. However, it was the complexity f its government that prevented it from adapting to change in society, which soon led to its decline. The Qing dynasty, which took power, next was the most powerful dynasty that China had ever had. After a century f gloriousness the Qing dynasty became brittle and inflexible. The dynasty could not adjust itself to combat the new problems that arose. Bad harvests, warfare, reb ellions, overpopulation, economic disaster, and foreign imperialism contributed to the dynasty's collapse. A revolution soon erupted in October 1911 and the emperor f the Qing dynasty, Xuantong (1912) stepped down and ended the last dynasty f China. (Chen 2000, 1-15) Soon the views and economic structure were to be radically opposed and changed as China moved, slowly, into modernization. A leader by the name f Mao Zedong (1893-1976) believed that China must upgrade its technology, weapons, and change the way the economy is built and operated. Mao Zedong redistributed the land, eliminated landlords, and established industry in the cities. (Mody 293-325) Mao Zedong also sought to insure political unity in China. To do this Mao Zedong launched several campaigns, some included, "Suppression f the Counterrevolutionaries," "Three-Anti," and "Five-Anti." Mao Zedong also launched another campaign shortly after called the "Hundred Flowers" Mao Zedong urged the intellectuals to criticize the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Mao Zedong later launched another set up campaigns called "The Great Leap Forward" (1958) and "The Cultural Revolution" (1966).

What Is and What Is Not Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What Is and What Is Not Science - Essay Example To be alive requires breathing; it is to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Life generates a significant amount of chemical free energy which skips not only limitations but also inefficiencies linked to transfer of power within the planet’s thermodynamic hierarchy. Some people such as Frank Drake believe humankind is alone in the universe. Drake argued that if there were aliens in deep space, their communication would have been discovered. Enrico Fermi believed otherwise. Fermi argued that there existed extraterrestrial intelligence in nearby systems. According to Fermi, we are not the only humans in the universe. Only Drake’s argument is a science. Science involves qualitative and quantitative testing; Drake believed if there were other humans in the universe, their communication would have been discovered. Fermi’s argument is not science because he used only observation to make his claim.  Radiocarbon dating determines the age of a material or object. C arbon decays at a constant rate (5,730  ± 40years), the date at which an organism died can be estimated by measuring the sum of its residual radiocarbon. Radiocarbon measurements were made a shroud that was believed to have covered Jesus to determine its age. The result of the study which took place in Turin showed the shroud was made in1260-1390 AD. The current controversy of the shroud shows that the shroud is 2000 years. Giulio Fanti used infrared and Roman spectroscopy to determine the amount of cellulose in the shroud fiber.  

Landmarks in Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Landmarks in Music - Essay Example Music is an expressive type of art form, which can be used to express our emotions, talents and our imagination. Music has evolved over time to its current modern day renditions, but if we are to select the most important pieces, to place in a time capsule, then I would have to select music from the baroque and classical periods. Music from Baroque and Classic periods forms a basis in a critical part of our history when we began to view music in a different light. During these periods, music became more of an art form, than just passive entertainment. Here are the 6 most important songs from the both periods and why they qualify to be put in the time capsule. Baroque music was composed with the intention of arousing the emotions of listeners. This era of music lasted for 150 years, between the years 1600-1750 (Schulenbert, 2001). This stage of musical development saw the emergence of non-religious vocal music, orchestral music and operas. Composers from this period, often faced many financial challenges, and most of them could only earn a living from music if they were under the patronage of a religious institution or a political figure. This patronage would then dictate the content of their compositions, but none the less composers were still able to come up with very memorable and time honored compositions. Baroque period compositions can be broken down into two distinct groups: vocal (opera, oratorio and cantata) and instrumental (sonata, concerto and suite). My pick for the most influential songs from the baroque period are: The Four Seasons: Spring url: http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/sofia-chamber-orchestra/album/antonio-vivaldi-the- four-seasons By: Antonio Vivaldi Four Seasons, as a whole, is often considered the boldest or bravest of program music from the Baroque era. Each concerto is comprised of three distinct movements; one middle movement in a slow tempo and too fast outer movements. Antonio Vivaldi wrote the sonnets, to denote the movements of the four seasons (Schulenbert, 2001). It is also has a great influence in the era as early concertos did not have a standard form, but the success of Vivaldi’s â€Å"Four Seasons† led other composers to mimic his style over time, which led a standard form used to play concertos. Of the four movements, winter is the most technically complicated and also more accurate in depicting nature like imitations of nature, the very inspiration of the sound. It is also very solid even if you break it down into several parts. Each part is creates its own dissonance that may be adapted and reinterpreted as a separate sound. Messiah: The Overture url: http://www.rh apsody.com/artist/george-frideric-handel/album/handels-messiah by: Handel This oratorio was originally intended as a thought provoking work for eastern and lent, but due to its popularity, later became a common part of Christmas festivities that has lasted over many generations. George Frederic Handel, a German born composer, was gifted in playing music from an early age. Handel’s â€Å"Messiah† employs a unique technique dubbed text painting. This technique tries to mimic the lines of the text, to the musical notes (Schulenbert, 2001). â€Å"Messiah† is broken down into three parts, which follows the meaning of the text while still maintaining its opera-like qualities. Handel’s â€Å"Messiah† helped to popularize the oratorio; a musical form that highlighted the performance of solo artists. The Overtures one of only two movements that is purely instrumental. By Handel’s time, the overture was a common, if not standard opening, of an opera a nd was actually meant to welcome the king in an opera. Handel, however, made this one considerably darker by playing it in E minor. It helped assist in the desperate need of the world for a Messiah. Six Suites for Unaccompanied Cello: Suite No. 1 url: http://www.rhapsody.com/search?query=Six+Suites+of+Unaccompanied+Cello by: Johann Sebastian Bach These suites were based on a set of instrumental compositions, which were similar

To What Degree May We Argue That The Essential Elements of Essay

To What Degree May We Argue That The Essential Elements of Contemporary Diplomacy Were Present in Ancient Times - Essay Example The diplomats are solely charged with the duty of issuing peace-making strategies, negotiating on wars, trade ties and the human rights protection. Diplomats normally negotiate the international treaties prior to the endorsement by the nation-wide politicians. Generally, diplomacy is then employment of various actions to gain a mutually acceptable mitigation to a common challenge between different states. This research paper explains the traces of the presence of diplomacy in the ancient times. Indeed diplomacy existed among states in the ancient times. This is traced back in the emergence of the Hiberno-Roman relations agreements to solve issues arising between these two states1. This Hiberno-Roman relations specifically points out the ancient relationships tilted mainly towards economic and cultural ties between the Greece and her neighbouring states. This relationship was between the ancient Roman Empire and Ireland (Hibernia)2. This diplomatic relation lasted from the time of Julius Caesar until the beginning of the 5th century AD. This diplomatic relation was because of the fierce nature of the Ireland state by the Roman Empire. Ireland was the only nation of the Western Europe that was not ruled by the Rome. The diplomatic relation acquired in the Hiberno-Roman treaty greatly gained these two states. These agreements improved the commercial status of these two states. The cultural ties as well were improved between these states because of the cultural exchange that e merged because of this diplomatic treaty. Another empirically based trace of ancient diplomacy is traced in the foreign relations in the imperial china and her neighbouring states. The imperial China state had a long tradition of foreign ties. This is well captured in the ancient times since the Qin dynasty to Qing dynasty respectively during this era3. The diplomatic relations emerged between china and her neighbouring states because of its

Care from the patients perspective - diabetes Essay

Care from the patients perspective - diabetes - Essay Example When there is inadequate insulin glucose cannot enter their body’s cells, and so builds up in their blood and is unable to be used as fuel. In some cases, the patient’s body is producing enough insulin but it is not working properly. This is known as insulin resistance. The two most common types of the condition are Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a complicated disease that medical professionals and scientists are just beginning to understand in terms of its causes. Although symptoms and treatment options are more clear, there are also a multiplicity of these, as well as different types of diabetes. The more common type is Type 2, so the current report focuses mainly on this type. Basically what both types share, in that they are related, is a defining feature of diabetes itself: in cases of diabetes, the body cannot handle or regulate its own blood glucose levels. Glucose, which is given to the body in the form of sugar, is what causes the body to have energy required for tasks of everyday life. This report looks primarily at the causes of diabetes as well as some common treatments today, with a focus on developing more patient-centered care in the UK to address this growing problem, and provide more respect for unique needs of minorities. Patient needs In terms of person and health, the core concepts of healthcare work, these are very interrelated. To me, person means centering on the client. Patient-centered communication is the key to social work implementation and focus, but there are healthcare settings that have different policies. In a client-oriented method, a facility could have different types of patients whose needs differ. This is an increasingly salient option in a setting in which patient attenuation has become a watch-word, and patient attenuation is another facet of the modern healthcare organization that tends to unify rather than divide care priorities. For example, accounting for patient needs it is a major par t of safety at healthcare institutions. Uniting concepts of person and health, one can look at how resistance can particularly impact care of facility residents, by examining morbidity and mortality rates. Diabetes mellitus exists when a patient has a deficiency of insulin or the resistance to insulin in their system, and it may result in symptoms such as an inordinate amount of urination and the patient’s being constantly thirsty as well as other problems. These symptoms are common to diabetes mellitus, but in the case of diabetes insipidus, another type of diabetes, there is no insulin deficiency. Changes in policy In healthcare in the UK generally, a shift towards patient-centered policy has occurred in recent years. To avoid resistance as counterproductive, a patient-centered approach is used, basically, that concentrates on the ways in which patients can help themselves by finding solutions that improve their health and construction of reality. This is a basically optimi stic assumption that object relation has as its impetus, in that the patients are expected to be cooperative and provide meaningful solutions that are assumedly more direct and experiential than an interruptive codified presentation that is staff-centered. In this method, the

The Skillful Teacher Essay Example for Free

The Skillful Teacher Essay Introduction There has been a great deal of change taking place in the field of education over the past few years. It seems that every time we turn around a new approach is being heralded as the best in terms of teaching and helping students to excel. Most of these works come and go, as they more often than not, involve fads of sorts. With books like â€Å"The Skillful Teacher† by Stephen D. Brookfield and â€Å"Teaching Tips† by McKeachie there is hope that we can find the teacher that we always wanted to be within us. In Brookfield’s book we see a personal approach to teaching students and an approach that not only takes the students into account, but also the teacher. In McKeachie’s book we find many helpful tips that we can take into the classroom, no matter what the age of the student. In the following paper I will share with you some of the things that I have learned from these books and how I can utilize them in the classroom. Experiencing Teaching. Brookfield essentially asks the reader, the teacher, to look at teaching, to examine what they love about teaching, perhaps why they got into teaching, and use that knowledge as a foundation for the process. Brookfield offers suggestions, but seems to primarily rely on the intelligence and passion of the reader for the development of their own unique vision as it involves teaching. Learning is not a predictable and stable reality. There are rhythms to learning and students, as well as teachers, will often find themselves at a point where they are essentially stagnating as they have reached a level of burn out to some degree. Brookfield does not ignore these realities but presents the reader with ways in which to provide new motivation for learning, new motivation that helps students, and teachers, out of established patterns. Brookfield’s method of a textbook in a narrative form is a novel idea for future teachers who can gain more from a â€Å"story† than a theory book. I found the section on muddling through to be enlightening. As teachers we never know what is going to happen in a classroom on any given day so the best we can do sometimes is muddle through and hope that we make the right decisions. As a teacher I find myself doing this sometimes but I thought it was because I havent been teaching very long. I had no idea that there were actually teachers out there that have the same. Brookfield states that â€Å"this is going to be an opinionated, some would say polemical, book† (p. 3). I believe at this point in our career, when we are either teaching or getting ready to teach the opinions of those who have experience are more helpful to us than the theory that we learn. Real live experiences tend to stick in our mind better than a theory or formula that we might be able to incorporate into the classroom. Brookfield points out how important it is to gain the trust of the students. The teacher is, after all, the teacher, not the student. The teacher’s position, in this respect, can be very fragile if the students do not trust the teacher to do their job well, but also maintain an intelligence that is above the students to some degree. If a student does not trust that the teacher knows what they are doing, they will not listen to what the teacher presents. The example that Brookfield used (p.4, 5) regarding how to get students to open up and actually take part in a discussion is a breaking point for all teachers. This information will be helpful to me in â€Å"ALL† future classes. As an instructor at the college level, the only way that I know if my students understand the material that I have given them is an open discussion of the material. Unfortunately at times the silence is deafening. While I understand that Brookfield’s work primarily addresses adult students, college students many of the things that he mentioned can apply to students of any age. Again, this is an important aspect of teaching and learning for a student who feels motivated to become involved in discussions will feel that they are part of the process, that they are part of the teaching process. And, along the way they, as well as the other students, learn more than they thought they would. As Brookfield points out, too often students are not approached as though they were adults, a reality that Brookfield sees as very damaging to the teacher and learning process. Bearing this aspect in mind we see this first chapter as intriguing and very enlightening for college students do not need to be forced to learn, as though they were children. Students need to be approached as adults, from a teacher who is an adult and who is passionate about the entire learning process. Brookfield admits that emotional problems, emotional outbursts will occur while teaching. He does not avoid these realities, but addresses them and provides many helpful perspectives a teacher can take in dealing with such. Feedback Since some students really do have a hard time with open discussion in the classroom the one minute paper is a tool that can be utilized to find out if the teacher is actually getting pertinent information across to the students. We all know that students shake their heads in agreement so they can get out of class, but we never know if they actually understand what we are talking about. This is a tool that I plan on implementing in my classroom in the future, several times within the semester just to make sure that everyone is able to understand the information that I am trying to relay. I believe that the muddiest point (Brookfield, p. 38) will also be a significant point within this one minute paper. While I know that we should not try to control what the students write, because it inhibits their critical thinking, they might actually need some structure as to what they should put into their paper. In my experience, when asked to do a paper of any type, students always want to know what is expected of them so I might just throw things out for them that they might include in this one minute paper such as: â€Å"What was the most confusing thing that we covered today†; â€Å"Do you think anything that we discussed today will be important to you in your future? If so, what and why? †; â€Å"Tell me what I could have done today to help you learn the information better†. Since I teach an oral communication this will be a new experience for both the student and me, but I feel that I can glean good feedback by utilizing this method. Participation/Nonparticipation In McKeachie’s â€Å"Teaching Tips† (p. 45) the section on nonparticipants was something that I could relate to because it is so difficult sometimes to get some of the students to participate in any type of discussion. You never know if they have actually read the material assigned or if they just dont like to talk in class to a bunch of strangers. I really dont like to think that my students are bored but when students have a textbook for another class out reading it while you are lecturing, you have to wonder if you are that boring or if something else is just more important at the moment. In the discussion monopolizer section (McKeachie, p. 48) it stated that â€Å"if you have worked on nonparticipation effectively, the discussion monopolizer is less likely to be a problem†. Unfortunately there seems to always be that one student who wants to be the center of attention and they wish to talk (a lot) even if what they say has no relevance to the subject at hand. There have been times in my classes when I ask questions and continually have the same person answering the questions that I actually say; Now someone besides (blank) give me an answer. Sometimes teachers have to do this, not in an effort to embarrass the student but more so to give other students an opportunity to speak. The section in McKeachies â€Å"Teaching Tips† (p 45) about nonparticipants was extremely important to me. Because â€Å"most students are used to being passive† it is very difficult to get them to participate in an oral communications class. There is always so much apprehension from students that is difficult to get some of them to participate in anything that the class does. I spend a huge amount of time coming up with ways to get the students to participate in a manner that relieves their apprehension and anxiety. Some students right out of high school just dont have the experience in public speaking or people meeting skills that they need to get involved. Another instructor in my department gave me the idea to pair students up or put them in small groups of four or five and give them an opportunity to do different exercises to get everyone involved without having to be the center of attention for the whole class. Having rant sessions seems too pull these students out of their comfort zone of silence, because there is generally something that everyone has bottled up inside that theyre just waiting to get off their chest. Brookfield (p 141) talks about grading for participation by establishing clear criteria for effective participation. He states that this should be done in the syllabus but I do not think that it has to be that specific in the syllabus. There are different ways to have participation such as in groups. I like to break my class up into small groups of 4 or 5 on a regular basis to have them discuss issues and solve problems. Sometimes its just easier for shy people to talk in a much smaller group. I guess that what Im doing here also ties into the scaffolding discussion and the circle of voices (Brookfield, p 143). Lecturing Planning lectures and developing power points are an important part of teaching. In order for students to be able to learn they should not rely solely on the power points for their notes. Note taking is a valuable skill that students need to learn and keep throughout their college careers. Teachers should put key words on the power points and sometimes fun things that will get their attention. When planning a lecture an instructor should try to make sure that they use words that everyone understands and use everyday examples in them. I always make sure that Im asking the students questions as we go along to make sure they understand, even if its just What do you think or â€Å"Can you think of any examples of this? . It seems that teachers too often merely teach. They merely recite the information the student should know, expecting that the students are listening and taking notes. They do not stop to listen to whether or not the students are actually responding to anything that is being taught. And, conversely, what happens is that the teacher has no real response to teaching. As such, Brookfield illustrates how teachers can become aware of what they are doing, and approaching the entire endeavor of teaching from a responsive position. Brookfield offers suggestions to the reader for encouraging students to listen, for creating new ways to lecture that can get the students’ attention. Lecturing has often been a difficult part of teaching, as Brookfield indicates, due to the fact that learning habits instill in the student the belief that a lecture will be boring and will offer no sense of creative thought. As far as lecturing creatively, I read Chapter 6 (Lecturing Creatively) with great interest because I want to make sure that I am doing things in my classroom that work out best for my students. Brookfield stated that we need to be clear about why we lecture (p 99). Having been in classes where the lectures absolutely put you to sleep, I want to avoid this in my classes. I tell my students to look over the chapter(s) that we will be covering in class the next session, with the motive being open discussions. McKeachie (p 56) tells us to make sure we present up-to-date information, to summarize the material, adapt the material to the students, help the student read more effectively and to focus on key concepts or ideas. When lecturing, teachers should try to break the material down into language that the students understand and make it as concise as possible. Talking to the students and then asking questions to get them to try to discuss things seems to be a better way to try and get the information across to students. I always try to give them several examples of anything that I am trying to teach them (any new concepts). This opens the door for more discussion, especially as the semester continues and the students get more comfortable with the instructor and their classmates. Testing and Assessments  McKeachie (p 73, 74) discusses methods of assessment. He talks about being open to trying something different and I think that this will be beneficial to the students. History tells us that if a student fills their head with information that they will be asked to regurgitate on a test and it is not interesting to them, they will not retain this information any longer than necessary. Unfortunately some departments require that you administer tests in order to dole out a grade. In my case there are specific guidelines that are given, that we as instructors are supposed to teach and test on to meet certain criteria. Sometimes the information in a basic text book can be confusing if there is not any discussion that goes along with it. Giving students an opportunity to ask questions about what will be covered on the test and encouraging them to think about it for several days before the test so that they can get any questions answered is a method I use to get see what information the students know and do not know. I think that one of the most common methods for checking for understanding is tests or quizzes that we give our students. I like McKeachie’s (p 300) approach of having students paraphrase things for you. This is a method that I utilize quite. I don’t want to test my students to death because some students have test apprehension and I don’t want to stress them out by thinking, â€Å"Oh, no. Another test! † McKeachie also talked about not just knowing how to learn, but also wanting to learn and I believe that this is a major setback for some students. Unfortunately some students are in college because their parents told them they were going. You always see some students who appear to be very intelligent but just really don’t want to be in the classroom. Class Discussions. I think that Brookfields chapter on discussion (Chapter 7) had some good ideas. It can be very difficult to get students to participate in discussion, especially undergraduate students. There are always some students in a class that just really dont have any desire to participate in any form of discussion. Im not sure if this is because they are afraid that they might say the wrong thing or that it might generate a question that they arent able to answer. Brookfield (p117) said that if a teacher makes part of the grade participation that the students think that they have to be involved in discussion to meet this obligation. I dont know if that is what all teachers expect. I dont think that any student should be put on the spot with having to come up with some type of discussion if they dont feel led to. We, as instructors, never truly know why someone doesnt talk much in class. It might just be their nature that they dont talk much. Brookfield stated (p 134) that â€Å"some students are so shy and introverted that nothing short of therapeutic intervention will embolden them to speak†. They might be the type that listens all through the class to digest the information and then wants to talk about it at the next class session. Brookfield (p 134, 135) talks about students being worried about â€Å"looking stupid†. Teachers should be aware that this might be the reason that some students dont speak up as readily. Brookfield said that instructors should announce in the class that there are no stupid questions. This should be one of the first things that students are told every semester and it should be repeated several times throughout the semester. Brookfield (p 135) recommends putting together a panel of former students for a discussion with current students to help put them at ease and I believe this something that I can incorporate into my classes. Group Learning Teachers do not use the group learning system as much as they should. I tend to believe that students learn better from each other than they do the instructor most of the time. ODonnell (McKeachie, 192) stated it right when she said that â€Å"peer learning has the advantages of interaction with a peer† and this is extremely important for young people. It sometimes builds their confidence in the information that they know. Some of the students who are less vocal might actually open up to a peer and share what they know. As far as peer tutoring I think this is something that should be encouraged in  classes. I believe that if we were to set up groups with the students who do well and those that dont do so well (as far as tests are concerned) to have them study together that it would improve the grades because I think that the peers can sometimes get the idea across to students on a level they understand. Writing McKeachie (p 214) discussed the various types of low stakes writing and that the most obvious thing to do is ask students to write about is things they are comfortable with, casual things, just exploring a topic and to encourage the students not to struggle with this too much. Low stakes writing should help build confidence in students regarding their writing. This method of writing can be used in class or out of class. Out of class this writing could be a journal. I plan to use this method of low stakes writing in my classes by having them keep a journal, probably of humorous things that happen to them, because it will go along with one of the aspect of communication where I teach about short term and long term memory. High-stakes writing requires more on the part of the student, as well as the teacher. High stakes writing requires that the writing has to be good which involves research on the part of the writer. McKeachie (p 217) points out that most readers of his book are not trained as teachers of writers. I can relate to this because I teach oral communication but there are times when I require students to write research papers so I need to become more comfortable with this type of writing. As a student myself, I have experience in writing research papers where the instructor wanted me to do exactly what McKeachie said (217) â€Å"regurgitate material from textbooks or lecture†. I believe that for high stakes writing topic selection will be the key to how good the writing actually is. I like the idea of multiple papers and drafts because I believe that the only way for you to learn to write better is to get constructive criticism. Having the opportunity to turn a paper in early for constructive criticism in order to rewrite it makes for a better final paper. With todays technology our writing suffers greatly because we depend on our software to find all the mistakes, whether spelling or grammar. Unfortunately the software might not always recognize that a word is not the correct word and it definitely doesnt always find grammatical errors. The old standby method of printing things off and reading them line by line and then paragraph by paragraph is still the best way to proofread. Technology Brookfield’s Teaching Online (p 191) was interesting but I am not a huge fan of online classes. I prefer the human interaction that you get in the classroom. I think that Brookfield (p 195) was correct when he said that it is an advantage to take an online class before you teach one. Before instructors put together an online course they should keep the three core assumptions that are mentioned in mind: good teaching is whatever helps the student learn, good teaching is critically reflective and how students experience their learning. If the students dont learn anything from an online class then it is not worth it to take the class. If there is no interaction between students and instructors, just how much is it helping the student? A good online course should require a specific number of posts expected each week in order to create good discussion. The instructor may have to guide the discussions so that everyone participates. Brookfield talks about organizing the online course work and I think that this is very important. The instructor must put just as much work into organizing and keeping up with what the students are doing in an online class as they do in the classroom. How far technology is going to take us in education? Sometimes not being in the classroom is not always the best way to learn. In other classes we have talked about the millennium student who wants to stay in their dorm room or apartment and do all their classes on line. This can be a benefit to both instructor and student or it can be a detriment to both. The teacher doesnt need to lose the people skills that they have developed after time in the classroom. In times of inclement weather though this can definitely be an attribute since colleges dont have make-up days and generally the department expects you to get through a certain amount of information. Learning Facilitating active learning in a large class is something that instructors should take seriously. The idea of forming small groups and the think-pair-share method (McKeachie p 269) is a good thing to utilize in large groups. If we put the students into smaller groups where they can discuss the material they will get more out of it. It is virtually impossible for the instructor to get the point across to every student in a large class, but students tend to learn better from their peers, probably because they are not as afraid to ask questions in small groups as opposed to in front of the entire class. Having a goal as a student is very important to our career as a student. As instructors we need to help the students realize that they will benefit from each of the classes that they are taking in some way and at some point in their life. As an oral communications instructor I not only teach them how to communicate in the business world but also teach them how to communicate with friends, family and their significant others. Building their self confidence in the classroom will only help them in the long run in the â€Å"real world†. Conclusion Brookfield’s book is a very diverse book that approaches topics not adequately addressed by other books. It is a work that touches on some of the most basic aspects of teaching. It does not focus on the political realities of teaching, nor does it set out to illustrate how all other methods of teaching are wrong. It is a thoughtful book that treats the students and the teachers as individuals, not merely part of an institution. Of course, the opinions and perspectives presented are only those of this particular writer. In light of this the student should use the information presented as a tutorial to assist them in development of their own perspectives concerning Brookfield’s book. McKeachie’s â€Å"Teaching Tips† is a valuable guide book that no teacher should be without. All teachers should have a copy of this book before they ever teach their first class. While some students sell their books at the end of each semester, this is one book that should be kept for references, no matter what age student is being taught. This book covers many (if not all) things that will be encountered in the classroom. REFERENCES Brookfield, S. D. (2006). The Skillful Teacher on Technique, Trust and Responsiveness in the Classroom (2nd ed. ). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. McKeachie, W. J. Svinicki, M. (2011). McKeachie’s Teaching Tips (13th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

The Social Problem Of Prostitution

The Social Problem Of Prostitution Prepare a discussion of at least four substantial paragraphs answering the questions that follow. Use at least one source beyond the course text that supports your position (remember to cite your source in APA style). Respond to at least two of your classmates postings. What would be the consequences for society if we could effectively halt the practice of prostitution? Should we do this even if we could? Could prostitution ever by organized such that it did not result in the exploitation of women? My Response There would be an increase in social problems; more rape, abuse, poverty, violence, trafficking, and underground prostitution if the practice of prostitution was effectively stopped. If we halted the practice of prostitution, we might as well halt the practice of pornography also. I am against legalizing prostitution but do not think it should be banned, because no matter what, prostitution will always be around. I believe prostitution is wrong, by legalizing it, some will think allowing sex outside of a marriage is ok, leading to more divorces, disease, and promote the approval of womens degradation (Henslin 2008, p. 79). Women are not objects, and should not be for sale. I like this statement from former Swedish Deputy Prime Minister, Margareta Winberg (2002), Prostitution and trafficking causes, gender inequality, sex and racial discrimination, and economic deprivation, as well as the rule of law, crime control, law enforcement and corruption (Winberg 2002, Sweden as Chair section para.5 ) In my opinion, streetwalkers should be incorporated into a red zone, or red light district, by doing this would help keep the drug addicts, and disease inflicted people separate from others. They should have to pay taxes, and have a rule where there are no sex services provided after a certain A.M. hour, like individual state laws on bar closing hours. If prostitutes or clients are found outside of that area, or after hours, they should be arrested. All other prostitutes would work as an escort, call girl or in a brothel, be regulated, and have proof that all employees have been tested for diseases and all employees will be taxed like any other worker. Legalizing prostitution will still exploit women. Searching for prostitution prevents law enforcement from responding to other victims and dangerous felons, and most of the time only the prostitutes are arrested, not the pimps, clients, or the strip club owners/managers, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ By legalizing prostitution, laws could be enforced against people who abuse, or are violent against sex workers. Child sex, sex trade, forced labor, and kidnapping would be easier to target. To try to lower or halt the practice of prostitution, we need to warn women against solicitors and stop them, in order to encounter the demand for prostitution. Men, are usually the buyers of commercial sex acts, and the biggest consumers, of trafficked and prostituted women and children. Men do not respect prostitutes, but use them for entertainment, sexual gratification, acts of violence, and use them to meet their emotional needs, not their physical needs. In order to reduce victims of prostitution, and encounter the exploitation of women, all the components of the demand need to be punished; the men who purchase the sex acts, the exploiters, traffickers, pimps, and the culture that lies about the nature of prostitution (Hughes 2004, pp. 3, 4, 7). Sex will sell as long as there are men. Henslin, J. M. (2008). Seeing the social context. Boston, Ma: Allyn Bacon. Hughes, D. M. (2004). Prostitution causes and solutions (Adobe Digital), Retrieved from http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/prostitution_spain_july04.pdf Winberg, M. (2002, November 28). Address by the swedish deputy prime minister, margareta winberg. Retrieved from http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/1105/a/6848 2/9/2010 8:54:09 PM If we could effectively halt the practice of prostitution the consequences in society would be many. The rise in crime would be, in my opinion, almost immediate. Sexual crimes such as rape and sodomy would be but the tip of the iceberg; domestic violence would rise, more violence could ensue because sexually frustrated people are not necessarily the nicest. Also more poverty would be one outcome, because prostitution is a mean of income for many; therefore robbery, drug dealing, burglary and other illegal means of income would rise as well. Should we do away with prostitution if we could? As I thought of my answer for this question, an interesting memory came back to me: when I was a teenager my parents would not allow me to wear loose fitting baggy clothes because they felt that a person should dress appropriately and that the baggy style looked street or like you had no home. In my mind I found my parents to be too stereotypical, they needed to Americanize; after all, we had left our fitted-jeans country a long time ago, who would judge me by my clothes? The more they denied me the right to dress like that, the more I wanted to; I would sneak my fathers t-shirts to school, I would borrow my friends X-L sweat pants and change in the bathroom at my school. I felt I was cool, I fit in with the rest of my peers; of course I was caught various times, but I didnt care, Id continue to do it. One day my parents sat me down and said, OK, we get it, you want to dress like the rest to be cool, youre allowed to do so, baggy outf its are added to the swear jar I felt like I won, I dressed baggy almost every day for three weeks and paid a dollar to the swear jar, and thenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the magic wore off. I was no longer going against anyone; there was no thrill of getting caught, nothing; if anything I was losing money for my stubbornness. I went back to dressing appropriately. My parents were very smart when they did this, although they did not like it, they approved it and taxed it (which I later learned was the money we used for family outings), everyone got their way. Where am I getting to? Well, I feel that we should play it smart. If we were able to successfully stop prostitution, the negative outcomes may outweigh the positive ones. Instead, I think that we should legalize prostitution, set guidelines for the practice such as testing every week, no pimps, males allowed to work in this profession (EEO) and best of all: tax it; right or wrong it could stimulate the economy. This could have positive outcomes in that, there would be less scandals, less sexual crimes, possibly less STDs going around and a monetary gain to the government. Organizing prostitution so that it is not exploitation of women, I believe is possible. Exploitation by means of prostitution is a matter of perspective; one can argue that the woman is exploiting the men. The men exploit the women by satisfying his own needs and the women are exploiting the men because they know he has them and is willing to pay. With the exception of prostitutes who are slaved by their pimps, I dont think anyone is exploiting the women. Perhaps if there were rights or laws protecting prostitution as a profession, such as no pimps, medical rights and protection from harassment, the perspective of exploitation could be done away with. Henslin, J. M. (2008). Social problems: A down-to-Earth approach. 8th edition. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. The Larry Mahoney Case Read Issues in Social Problems on page 121 of your text. Larry Mahoney served ten years in the Kentucky state prison at La Grange. In at least four paragraphs, prepare your discussion around the case questions: Do you think this was just? Instead of going to prison, do you think that he should have been fined and had his drivers license revoked? Or should he have been given the death sentence, as some prosecutors demanded? What do you think would have been appropriate? Respond to at least two of your classmates postings. I feel that the Larry Mahoney case was treated very lightly. I do not feel that his punishment was just. Yet I am forced to say it was well handled. The jury charged him with manslaughter and other lesser offenses and recommended 16 years of imprisonment, and under Kentucky law the judge could not add to the sentence. It is beyond me why the fact that he drove drunk and killed any amount of people didnt get him his license revoked permanently! Was the sentence just? Yesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to an extent. It is bizarre to me how some prosecutors throw the death penalty request around like its any other paper request in an office. Its supposed to be justice right? How is it fair that a man who killed 27 people, gets to die and the family of the dead get to live with the pain, sorrow and hurt in their hearts, bodies and soul? No death penalty, let him live to face the consequences; and besides, how would justice for accidentally killing people be served by purposely killing someone else? That is like swatting your childs hand and yelling hitting people is wrong, dont do it! I am FOR the death penalty when it comes to serial anything, killer, rapist, et al. They pose an extreme danger to society, we cannot teach them a lesson, we cannot re-wire their brains, they are not remorseful Fining him and revoking his license should have been done regardless of him going to jail or not, regardless of him killing people or not; it should have been done regardless of any outcome when he was found drunk behind the wheel. Spending 16 years in jail seems to me to be a bit fair, because that is what the jury delivered; I was not there, I am not aware of how the law worked back then and I believe that if 12 complete strangers all come to the same agreement of justice, then justice was served for them. I do not, however, agree with the fact that his license was not revoked, or that he was eligible for parole; good conduct or not, he should have served the full sentence. The sentence I would consider fair, would be: 54 years imprisonment No eligibility for parole Permanent revocation of all driving privileges We can sit here and argue all day on this subject, but the truth is that our judicial system is far better now than it was back then. Justice was served for that time, not ours. Henslin, J. M. (2008). Social problems: A down-to-Earth approach. 8th edition. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

Future of Bangladeshi Print Media

Future of Bangladeshi Print Media Future of Bangladeshi Print Media: Strategy of  Survival of Two Highest circulated print Media in Bangladesh Aritra Ankan Mitra Introduction This paper tries to find out the challenges and the strategies to retain or hold the position of the most circulated print media in Bangladesh which is, known as Prothom Alo and The Daily Star after the online era became popular in Bangladesh. They are not only the print media which are facing the problem after online media came in limelight, but as they are the highest circulated in Bangladesh, if it’s possible to find out their problem, it can be assumed what are the others’ current positions in the industry. There has been a major change in the way to obtain news by people now a day. The online news sources are getting as preferred medium for news to consumers. Before people had access to Internet like modern era, they were receiving their information via printed-paper delivered daily to their homes.But this an era of digitization and like everything else, Media has two versions now- Print Media and Online/ Digital Media which works like Print Media, but much faster and immediate. Online Media include electronic, broadcast and Internet media. Today we didn’t need to buy books, newspapers, magazines and newsletters, as they can be found as a digitally published as electronic editions on the Internet. As today’s people prefer faster and latest news update of every moment instead of waiting for the next day’s printed newspaper and read every detail, they are tending more to Online News Media nowadays. A statistic is presented in Fig. 1 showing how much time during an average week do people spend on print content in the U.S. Even in Bangladesh, we see that there are tons of Online News Portals and with smart devices on hand; people are seen reading Online News instead of a printed newspaper. But for hundreds of years, Print Media has been one of the most powerful expression medium of the thoughts of mass people. The industry associated with the printing and distribution of news through portable, disposable and lightweight publi cations printed on paper and circulated as newspapers and magazines is known as Print Media. They hold contents that are informative and entertaining and of general or special interest. Newspapers or magazines are published once or daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly or quarterly. (Curtisu, 2011) In Bangladesh, Print Media has been making the general people learn what is going around them and playing the role of publishing their opinions and views on these topics. Fig. 1. Average time spent on print content in the U.S. in 2011 But Online Media is taking over the Print Media now. As a result there is some people who even believein the near future printed newspapers will be extinct. From Fig. 1 we see that the number of people spending no time at all on print content has increased to a shocking extend. Among the respondents, four percent stated they spent over five hours with magazine or newspaper apps during an average week. (Statista, 2011) So definitely Online Media can be considered as a competitor of Print Media. This research is conducted to find whether Online Media is becoming a threat to the Print Media, whether it will replace Print Media or Print Media will continue ruling. 1.1Rise Of Print Media and Online Media History of Print Media and written communication follows the progress of civilization which moves in response to changing cultural technologies in turn. The biggest change was printing on newsprint and use of the printing press. The earliest examples of printing include Cylinder seals and other objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Nabonidus Cylinders that refer to wedge-shaped inscriptions of King Nabonidus of Babylonia. (Wikipedia, 2002) As long ago as 25,000-30,000 years B.C. first humans painted descriptive pictures on cave walls. The narrative compositions left on the walls of Lascaux represented their own way of communicating with the spiritual world and another. The well-preserved arts and drawing depicted their deep religious beliefs, fears, and also everyday life. The pictures or pictorial types that were found in caves of Southern France and Spain represent the beginning of written communication for the human kind. The advent of a writing system coincided with the tran sition from hunter-gatherer societies to more permanent zeminder or landlord encampments when it became necessary to count ones property. In 1900 B.C. the Chinese invented their very own style of writing independently. Writings preserved on various bones were the earliest records of Chinese Writing found. Their achievement was the building stone for Japanese and Korean to create their own models in 400 B.C. The first alphabetic script appeared in Palestine at about 160 B.C., which influenced early Phoenician (113 B.C.) and Hebrew script (110 B.C.). At first stone and clay tablets were used to express thoughts. Later, in 105 B.C., Tsai Lun of China invented paper as we know it today. (Piechota, 2002) Thus world’s first ever printed media was introduced. Let us now focus on a brief history and growth of the Print Media of our subcontinent. The press, having more than300 years of history, is the oldest mass medium in the Indian subcontinent. James Augustus Hicky, an Englishman and a former employee of the British East India Company, published the first newspaper from Calcutta (West Bengal) in 1780, known as Hicky’s Bengal Gazette or the Calcutta General Advertiser and was a two-sheet English-language-weekly. The first Indian-owned newspaper was the Bengal Gazette, also an English-language weekly published by Gangadhar Bhattacharjee in 1816. By the end of the 19th century, Indians had become restless under British rule and the nationalist movement began to spread throughout the subcontinent. Nationalist political leaders, some of whom were active in journalism, formed the Indian National Congress in 1885 to spearhead the independence struggle. The Anglo-Indian press played an important role in raising hatred between Hindus and M uslims in India who had lived together for centuries through mutual cooperation. In a political about-face, the British government adopted a favorable position towards Muslims and became concerned about their ‘backwardness’. In 1947, the Indian subcontinent was divided into two states- India for Hindus and Pakistan for Muslims-when the British left the region. At the time of independence, East Pakistan had no daily newspaper and most of the newspapers were Bengali language weeklies. Meanwhile, at the time of independence from Britain, India had a strong base of newspapers. After independence from Pakistan in December 1971, the government established in Bangladesh took the ownership of the trust owned newspapers– the Morning News and the Dainik Bangla-in East Pakistan. The Bangladeshi press faced a severe blow to its growth in 1975, when the democratic government with an absolute majority in the Jaitya Sangsad (National Parliament) banned the publication of all ne wspapers except those which were taken over by government. After that, with the advent of democracy in 1990, Bangladesh saw a mushroom growth of newspapers. (Bhuiyan, 2002) Since then, Bangladeshi Print Media has continued its journey. In brief, this was the history of the Print Media in our subcontinent. Now the Print Media has come nearer to the mass people through the help of Electronic Media, i.e., Online Media. Electronic media’s chief advantage is its immediacy. In Online Media, we know news of any occurrence within moments sitting just in an Online News Portal while the Print Media awaits till the next day for publishing a highly important issue occurred on any day. When in a rush, people like to know only the gist of what is happening around and Online Portals play great roles serving this. Mostly the new or younger generations are the main contributors to the decline of the printed version of newspapers. As they were brought up with new technology all the time. This generation was already used to with lots of electronics gadegts; they were the first group targeted for electronic publishing. As we were enterd in a new age which can be called as the age of communicating digitally. With this technology at our fingertips, we can freely express our opinions and â€Å"repor t† on any topic as in the form of blogging. This can be called as the amateur reporting. Some argue that these bloggers i.e. citizen journalists will provide the Internet with more content, more information, more analysis, and a wider range of niches. It has been predicted that this new form of journalism, known as digital journalism, will give rise to a new social model based on a professional-amateur partnership. (Smith, 2014) Today only a wring in the paper, with a photo is no longer acceptable as news. It got transformed into a digital medium and adopted a lot, from the advantages of technology. Now we can also get videos and some more links of the news online. People are interacting through social networks about the news and their views about the news. Handy or portable devices like mobile-tablet pcs are allowing them to acces the news from any where any time. This is allowing us to interact with the news at closer level than ever before.On the other hand, Print Media is still preferred by numerous people of the world despite the immediateness of Online Media. As a reason it can be mention that Print Media holds an edge through its content quality, which a professional editorial staff can produce. For example, Audit Bureau of Circulation figures showed that ‘The New York Times’ boosted overall circulation by 73 percent from Monday through Friday– and 50 percent on Sunday–over March 2011, when it first launched digital subscriptions, according to Politico. (Heibutzki, 2015) In Bangladesh, we also have too many Online News Portals nowadays. While delivering the latest news immediately to people, most of them have not yet been able to replace Print Media. Some Online News Portals also publish spam or unnecessary news links unlike the Print Media which serves the purpose of peoples learning the correct and necessary information properly. Print media is easier to use and read which may be why it has not sunk out of our society completely. But, the read availability, convenience and price of digital media means that it may soon replace print media permanently. So from this point of view we can consider Online Media as an upcoming threat on Print Media though till now the Online Media is certainly a better companion of the Print Media, but not the replacement of it. 1.2Research Question What are the strategis of Prothom Alo and The Daily Star to retain their position in the industry? Does Prothom Alo and The Daily Star feels that they are a threat for online media or the vice versa? What are the prefarable news sources for readers? 1.3Research Objectives To know the challenges with which the Print Media is dealing with. To find the strategy of their survival. 1.4Rationale and Significance of Study A research on the future and strategy of print media in Bangladesh can play an important role in future for this industry. Nowadays this issue is one of the most important topics, not only in Bangladesh, but also as globally because the advancement of technology.A tablet, such as Microsoft Surface, is essentially a larger, version of a smart-phone. The popularityof these kinds of devices is continually growing up, as they are easier to carry and use. As portable device technology advance, so do the news organizations.So this research also tries to find the reasons for people’s spending less time on Print Media. A statistic in United Kingdom shows the reason for reading fewer magazines as of May 2012 (Fig. 2). Of respondents, 11 percent reported reading fewer magazines because the media landscape was too crowded. Cost, time, relevance of issues, advertisements and environment are the factors playing roles in this matter.(Statista, 2012) Fig. 2. Reasons for reading fewer magazines in the United Kingdom (UK) as of May 2012 This research tries to figure out these types of facts from the perspective of Bangladesh. Prothom Alo and The Daily Star both have e-version of their newspapers. This research will find out what is the statistics of their online and printed version readers. Finally it will show the impact of Online Media on Print Media and what are the losses and threats for Print industry and what strategythey are adopting or if there is significant shifts to hold position in the industry. What are the challenges for the authority will also be lightened by this study. References Bhuiyan, A. J. M. S. A. (2002). Mass Media, Communication, and Culture in Bangladesh in the Shadow of a Big Neighbor. Curtisu, D. A. (2011).About Print Media.Retrieved on 20 April, 2015 from the UNCP Website: http://www2.uncp.edu. Heibutzki, R. (2015). What Is the Advantage Disadvantage of Print Electronic Media? Retreived from the Chron Website:http://work.chron.com/. Piechota, I. (2002). Means of human communication though time.Retrieved from: http://myweb.cwpost.liu.edu/paievoli/finals/505Sp 03/Prj1/irene piechota.htm. Smith M. (2014).The Future of News Journalism: The Dying Newsprint Rise of Online Media. Retrieved on 21 April, 2015 from The Modern Ape Website: http://themodernape.com/.Statista (2011).Statistics and market data on Books Publishing.Retrieved from a Stistical Portal, Statista:http://www.statista.com/markets/417/topic/477/books-publishing/.Statista (2012).Reasons for declining magazine readership in the United Kingdom (UK) 2012.Retrieved from Statista:http://www.statista.com/statistics/289356/. Wikipedia (2002).Retrieved from Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/printing.

Consequences of Decisions Made by Characters in Camus The Guest Essay

Undoubtedly, there is always a consequence to every action one makes. â€Å"The Guest,† by Albert Camus illustrates that no matter what choice someone chooses to make, or not to make, someone at some point will indisputably be affected. Throughout the story, each character is forced to make a decision at one point or another that affects someone else. This is best shown through the conflicts of the three characters, the setting, and the irony in all. â€Å"The Guest,† by Albert Camus is set at a school house that is in a secluded desert area. The first character introduced is Daru. This place at this time had just been through a long drought, and is now experiencing an extreme snowstorm. Daru lives better than most in the area, and receives a certain amount of wheat each week for himself. Being a thoughtful man, Daru rations his wheat to the poor village children to bring home to their families during the harsh conditions because none of their families are able to cultivate anything. One day at the schoolhouse, Daru noticed a horse and two men far off in the distance. As these men started approaching, Daru realized that one of the men (the one on horseback) he knew, and the other was an Arab prisoner who is being taken to prison for murdering his cousin because he ran away with his food. Balducci is the man Daru knows, an elderly military man, bringing a prisoner to Tinguit. As the two men came closer, Daru invited them inside to get warm, and then proceeded to make them tea. As they converse, Daru finds that Balducci wants him to finish the journey, taking the Arab to Tinguit. At first Daru thinks that Balducci is joking, when in reality, he is serious. Daru refused to take the Arab, but doe... ...e killed, which in turn will create an outrage among his people. This also will give them the spirit to start fighting for their rights. After all, it is their home; the French are just occupying it, which makes them feel as if they have all of the power. There really is always a consequence to every action someone makes. Camus’ story clearly exemplifies that no matter what choice someone chooses to make, someone else will be affected. As shown, throughout the story, each character is forced to make a decision at one point or another that affects someone else. Balducci’s choice was risky and could consequent in the loss of his job, Daru’s decision to let the Arab choose himself ended well, and the Arab’s decision benefited his people. All three characters, in all different ways, made decisions that resulted in some sort of alternate consequence.

Islam Essay -- essays research papers

2000 Islam and Love Love is an important aspect of Islam. In the Sufi Path of Love, written by Rumi, Love is the central theme. Rumi speaks alot about love and its branches and ramifications. According to Rumi, Love ddominateds most of the Sufi way of life. In a translation of Sufi Path of Love written by William C. Chittuck, Sufi says: "No matter what I say to explain and elucidate Love, shame overcomes me when I come to Love itself. Love cannot be contained within our speaking or listening/ Love is an ocean whose depths cannot be plumbed.... Love cannot be found in erudition and science, books and pages. Whatever is duscussed by people- That is not the way of lovers. Whatever you have said or heard is the shell; The kernel of Love is a mystery that cannot be divulged." Chittuck's translation of this is that Love cannot be explained in words but that it must be felt to be understood. There is not possible way that you can tell someone what love is or write it down to someone so the person may understand. To Rumi, If love isn't felt, then the person will not truly know what love is. To understand the Islamic conception of Love, you must know the Koran's defenition of the term. The Prophet Muhammad once said, "God is beautiful, and He loves beauty." It can be also defined like this: "If something is beautiful, it is worthy of love." In the Vision Of Islam, it says that that whenever God is said to love something, the object of his love are hu...

Essay on hinduism and buddhism Essay

Hinduism and Buddhism have different similarities and are in some ways connected to each other. Some of the practices of the two religions are similar in many different ways and there are several examples to show this. Hinduism first started in India around 1500 BC. The word Hindu comes from the word â€Å"sindhu† or river. The Hindu community think of themselves as â€Å"those who believe in the Vedas†, or â€Å"those who follow the way or dharma of the four classes and the stages of life. The four classes being the varnas and the stages of life being the ashramas. Like Hinduism, Buddhism also started in India. It is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is called the Buddha. Buddhism started a monastic movement in the Brahman tradition. Another name for buddah is the enlightened one.It is generally agreed that the Buddha was born in 563 BC in Kapilavastu to the ruler of a small kingdom. He grew up as a rich guy and had a splendid life. When he was 29 he came to realize that high life up to this point had been so empty. He let go any earthly things and soon left to find peace and enlightenment trying to stay away from the cycles of rebirths. He started practicing Yoga and â€Å"adopted a life of radical asceticism.† He soon gave up this way of thinking and focused on a middle path between the life of â€Å"indulgence and that of self-denial†. After a while of great â€Å"inner struggle†, he began to wander to different places and preach and organized a community know as the sangha. The Buddha started the movement for all different peoples and denied that a person’s spiritual worth is a matter of birth. The Buddha left no written word. â€Å"The Cannon for the Buddhist religion is known as the Tripitaka† or three Baskets, because is has three writings. These are the Sutra Pitaka which is a collection of â€Å"discourses†, the Vinaya Pitaka, which is the code of the monastic rules, and the Abhidharma Pitaka, which contains all different â€Å"philosophical, psychological, and doctrinal discussions and different classifications.† The Vinaya Pitaka has over 225 rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, each  which has a story to explain. The Abhidharma Pitaka has seven different works, which include â€Å"detailed classifications of the psychological phenomena, metaphysical analysis, and a thesaurus of technical vocabulary.† Hinduism also has a lot of writings but the most important of all is the Vedas. The oldest is the Rig-Veda, which was made in an ancient form of the Sanskrit language in northeast India. It consists of 1028 hymns to many of the gods.